Global navigation satellite system spoofing‐detection technique based on the Doppler ripple caused by vertical reciprocating motion

GNSS Spoofing Detection via the Intersection Angle between Two Directions of Arrival in a Single Rotating Antenna

“…Therefore, scholars proposed using a moving single antenna for signal direction estimation. Li et al [ 15 ] proposed a spoofing-detection method based on a reciprocating antenna, which determines the direction of the signal by determining the relationship between the amplitude change caused by the antenna’s up and down motion and the signal incidence angle, achieving spoofing detection. In addition, based on the architecture of a single rotating antenna, similarity testing can be performed on the changing trends of carrier phases [ 16 ], CNR [ 17 ], and power [ 18 ] under the single rotating antenna to determine whether the navigation signal direction is consistent, thus achieving spoofing detection.…”

Doppler‐based navigation for mobile protection system of strategic maritime facilities in GNSS jamming and spoofing conditions

“…The widespread use of this system, generally available knowledge in the range of information coding methods and signal structures in the time and frequency domains gives the possibility of its easy jamming [11–26] and spoofing [12, 13, 18, 20, 26–35], i.e. the intentional interferences.…”

“…Spoofing is a transmission of fake GNSS signals with the intention of fooling the GNSS receiver into providing false PVT [12, 13, 18, 20, 26–35]. A receiver autonomous integrity monitoring at the pseudo‐range level is the basis of rudimentary defence against spoofing used in the GNSS receiver.…”

“…Attack techniques include, i.a., nulling, meaconing with a single or multiple antennas, security code estimation and replay, open‐loop signal simulator. For detection and prevention, many anti‐spoofing methods are developed [28–31], i.a., analysis of sample values at correlator output [32], monitoring power‐ or time‐related parameters of the GNSS signals [33, 34], spatial processing based on a mobile single‐antenna multiple‐antennas of the GNSS receiver [27, 31, 35], cryptographic protection, using the INS as a support of the GNSS (hybrid navigation). The use of the Doppler effect resulting from the deterministic movement of the receiving antenna and the GNSS signals is one of the current trends in spoofing detection [35].…”