Global Observations of the 630-nm Nightglow and Patterns of Brightness Measured by ISUAL

Chiang, Che‐Ming; Chang, T. F.; Tam, Sunny Wing-Yee; Huang, Tai Yin; Chen, Alfred Bing Chih; Su, H.; Hsu, R.

doi:10.3319/tao.2012.12.13.01(sec)

Cited by 3 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Observations of the movement of MTM temperature bulge and that of nightglow have led to postulations of an association between pressure bulge and nightglow intensity (Colerico et al, 1996;Colerico and Mendillo, 2002;Meriwether et al, 2008). However, the high intensities of the observed nightglow have not been successfully reproduced using existing models incorporating the MTM effect, such as the NCAR thermosphere-ionosphere-electrodynamic gen-eral circulation model (TIEGCM), as pointed out by Colerico and Mendillo (2002) and Meriwether et al (2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on the [O + ] ∼ N e (electron density) approximation (Peterson et al, 1966;Link and Cogger, 1988) in the F2 region, the intensity of the OI( 1 D) 630.0 nm spectral line is usually used to identify the ionospheric electron density variations. From a rich history in the literature, the intensity of OI( 1 D) 630.0 nm airglow emissions is known as midnight brightness wave (MBW) (Herrero and Meriwether, 1980;Herrero et al, 1993;Colerico et al, 1996;Colerico and Mendillo, 2002). During occurrences of the MBW, increases in temperature are usually observed around local midnight, which are termed the midnight temperature maximum (MTM) effect.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chiang et al: Variations of the 630.0 nm nightglow emission found to range from 20 to 200 K (Spencer et al, 1979;Burnside et al, 1981;Colerico and Mendillo, 2002;Meriwether et al, 2008). In addition, a number of studies about midnight brightness have reported the relation between in situ temperature and neutral wind measurements (e.g., Herrero and Meriwether, 1980;Sastri et al, 1994, Colerico et al, 1996Colerico and Mendillo, 2002;Otsuka et al, 2003;Mukherjee et al, 2006). Rajesh et al (2009) showed the first results of the limb image of 630.0 nm airglow using Imager of Sprites and Upper Atmospheric Lightning (ISUAL) (Chang et al, 2012;Chiang et al, 2013;Frey et al, 2016) onboard the FORMOSAT-2 satellite.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Variations of the 630.0 nm airglow emission with meridional neutral wind and neutral temperature around midnight

2018

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Abstract. The ISUAL payload onboard the FORMOSAT-2 satellite has often observed airglow bright spots around midnight at equatorial latitudes. Such features had been suggested as the signature of the thermospheric midnight temperature maximum (MTM) effect, which was associated with temperature and meridional neutral winds. This study investigates the influence of neutral temperature and meridional neutral wind on the volume emission rates of the 630.0 nm nightglow. We utilize the SAMI2 model to simulate the charged and neutral species at the 630.0 nm nightglow emission layer under different temperatures with and without the effect of neutral wind. The results show that the neutral wind is more efficient than temperature variation in affecting the nightglow emission rates. For example, based on our estimation, it would require a temperature change of 145 K to produce a change in the integrated emission rate by 9.8 km-photons cm−3 s−1, while it only needs the neutral wind velocity to change by 1.85 m−1 s−1 to cause the same change in the integrated emission rate. However, the emission rate features a local maximum in its variation with the temperature. Two kinds of tendencies can be seen regarding the temperature that corresponds to the turning point, which is named the turning temperature (Tt) in this study: firstly, Tt decreases with the emission rate for the same altitude; secondly, for approximately the same emission rate, Tt increases with the altitude.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Variations of the 630.0 nm airglow emission with meridional neutral wind and neutral temperature around midnight

2018

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“…Operating from 2004 to 2016, FORMOSAT‐2 was the first satellite mission with a primary goal to survey the upper atmospheric transient luminous events (TLEs). Besides TLEs, the scientific payload ISUAL also measured emissions from airglow and aurora (Adachi et al., 2010; Chang et al., 2012; Chiang et al., 2013; Kuo et al., 2005; Rajesh et al., 2009). The satellite orbited the Earth in a Sun‐synchronous, circular trajectory at 890‐km altitude and 99.1° inclination.…”

Section: Formosat‐2/isual Observations Of Airglowmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To simulate the observation of radiance using Equation , we first have to find the volume emission rates at locations along the ray paths. The OI 630.0‐nm emission that typically gives rise to airglow at around 200–300‐km altitude (Chiang et al., 2013; Roach, 1964) is produced by the following chemical processes:

{normalO}^{+} + {normalO}_{2} \to {normalO}_{2}^{+} + O,

{O_{2}}^{+} + {normale}^{-} \to O (^{1} normalD) + O,

normalO (^{1} normalD) \to normalO (^{3} normalP) + h ν (630.0 nm) .

…”

Section: Application To Airglow Observation Reconstructed By Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrieval of Airglow Emission Rates in Analytical Form for Limb‐Viewing Satellite Observations at Low Latitudes

et al. 2021

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Airglow emissions are a signature of chemical processes in the atmosphere and ionosphere. As their intensities are dependent on the densities and temperatures of the particle species involved in the chemical processes, airglow emissions can provide guidance for studying the variations of the relevant particle parameters (Clemesha et al., 1991;Takahashi et al., 1989). For this reason, airglow observations have guided studies of various dynamic processes in the upper atmosphere and lower ionosphere (

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Enhancement of equatorial OI(1D) emissions at midnight

Chiang

Chang

Tam

2022

Earth Planets Space

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A number of recent studies have highlighted observational evidence of midnight brightness of the 630.0 nm nightglow, which is usually related to the midnight temperature maximum (MTM) effect. In this report, MTM-related enhancements of the 630.0 nm airglow around midnight are observed through images from the ISUAL/FORMOSAT-2 satellite. The data statistics are classified into three specific types (no-peak, single-peaked, and double-peaked events) and separated into the different seasons. In order to understand the influences of geomagnetic conditions, the statistical analyses are also separated into two regions. One is collected from the region whose geomagnetic equator is north of the geographic equator, and the other is collected from the region whose geomagnetic equator is south of the geographic equator. The results show that the single-peaked brightness often appears between the geographic equator and the geomagnetic equator. The double-peaked brightness appears simultaneously on the two sides of the region sandwiched by the two equators. Coupled with the summer-to-winter neutral wind generated by seasonal effects, one side of brightness could be enhanced or disappear due to the plasma moving along the field line. The no-peak events mainly occur close to May–July, which may be due to the effect of ionospheric annual anomalies. Overall, the statistical results for the occurrence rate show strong seasonal variations with different cycles at different longitudinal regions for all three types of events. Graphical Abstract

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Global Observations of the 630-nm Nightglow and Patterns of Brightness Measured by ISUAL

Cited by 3 publications

References 28 publications

Variations of the 630.0 nm airglow emission with meridional neutral wind and neutral temperature around midnight

Variations of the 630.0 nm airglow emission with meridional neutral wind and neutral temperature around midnight

Retrieval of Airglow Emission Rates in Analytical Form for Limb‐Viewing Satellite Observations at Low Latitudes

Enhancement of equatorial OI(1D) emissions at midnight

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