Global Patterns of Influenza A Virus in Wild Birds

Olsén, Björn; Munster, Vincent J.; Wallensten, Anders; Waldenström, Jonas; Osterhaus, Albert D. M. E.; Fouchier, Ron A. M.

doi:10.1126/science.1122438

Cited by 1,701 publications

(1,884 citation statements)

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“…The major migratory bird stopover sites may create areas for enhanced interspecies contact, AIV transmission, and AIV genetic reassortment in different bird species from different flyways 4. Every year, millions of wild birds from different North American flyways converge at wintering sites in Brazil.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Migratory birds in southern Brazil are a source of multiple avian influenza virus subtypes

Araújo

Petry

Fabrizio

et al. 2017

Influenza Resp Viruses

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BackgroundThere is insufficient knowledge about the relation of avian influenza virus (AIV) to migratory birds in South America. Accordingly, we studied samples obtained over a 4‐year period (2009‐2012) from wild birds at a major wintering site in southern Brazil.MethodsWe obtained 1212 oropharyngeal/cloacal samples from wild birds at Lagoa do Peixe National Park and screened them for influenza A virus by RT‐PCR amplification of the matrix gene. Virus isolates were subjected to genomic sequencing and antigenic characterization.ResultsForty‐eight samples of 1212 (3.96%) contained detectable influenza virus RNA. Partial viral sequences were obtained from 12 of these samples, showing the presence of H2N2 (1), H6Nx (1), H6N1 (8), H9N2 (1), and H12N5 (1) viruses. As H6 viruses predominated, we generated complete genomes from all 9 H6 viruses. Phylogenetic analyses showed that they were most similar to viruses of South American lineage. The H6N1 viruses caused no disease signs in infected ferrets and, despite genetic differences, were antigenically similar to North American isolates.ConclusionsLagoa do Peixe National Park is a source of multiple AIV subtypes, with the levels of influenza virus in birds being highest at the end of their wintering period in this region. H6N1 viruses were the predominant subtype identified. These viruses were more similar to viruses of South American lineage than to those of North American lineage.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Migratory birds in southern Brazil are a source of multiple avian influenza virus subtypes

Araújo

Petry

Fabrizio

et al. 2017

Influenza Resp Viruses

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“…The number of waterbird in the IND increases considerably with the arrival of Eurasian migrants, in particular migratory wildfowl (Figure 1F). 1 Moreover, it is worth noting that a large majority of the migratory wildfowl wintering in West Africa are ducks of the Anas genus, a group of species that consistently show the highest AIV prevalence among wild birds 2 , 9 . This massive arrival of Eurasian migrants is followed during the second half of their wintering period by the concentration of waterbirds on remnant water bodies because of decreasing water levels and the reduction in the surface of wetland habitat (Figure 1B,E).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…West Africa is a major wintering area for the natural reservoirs of avian influenza viruses (AIV), that is, migratory waterbirds (Anseriformes and Charadriiformes) breeding across Eurasia 1 , 2 . Several millions of these Eurasian migratory birds congregate in West African wetlands from October to April were they mix with Afro‐tropical waterbirds remaining in sub‐Saharan Africa throughout the year.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circulation of avian influenza viruses in wild birds in Inner Niger Delta, Mali

Cappelle

Almeida

Fofana

et al. 2011

Influenza Resp Viruses

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Please cite this paper as: Cappelle et al. (2012) Circulation of avian influenza viruses in wild birds in Inner Niger Delta, Mali. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 6(4), 240–244. Background Avian influenza viruses (AIV) have been detected in wild birds in West Africa during the northern winter, but no information is available on a potential year‐round circulation of AIV in West Africa. Such year‐round circulation would allow reassortment opportunities between strains circulating in Afro‐tropical birds and strains imported by migratory birds wintering in West Africa. Objective and Method A 2‐year longitudinal survey was conducted in the largest continental wetland of West Africa, the Inner Niger Delta in Mali, to determine the year‐round circulation of AIV in wild birds. Results and Conclusions Avian influenza virus RNA was detected during all periods of the year. Very low prevalence was detected during the absence of the migratory wild birds. However, a year‐round circulation of AIV seems possible in West Africa, as shown in other African regions. West Africa may hence be another potential site of reassortment between AIV strains originating from both Afro‐tropical and Eurasian regions.

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“…All H and N subtypes can be found as low pathogenic avian influenza virus strains in aquatic wild birds, which are assumed to be the main reservoirs outside poultry (2,3). Occasionally, low pathogenic avian influenza virus strains are introduced into domestic poultry flocks with no clinical signs or only mild clinical consequences, but strains carrying the H5 or H7 gene can mutate into highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains that cause high death rates in domestic poultry (4) and, occasionally, in migratory birds (5,6). Because of the devastating effect of HPAI outbreaks in commercial poultry, all outbreaks caused by H5 and H7 subtypes are notifiable (7).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Millions of domestic poultry died from the effects of the disease or from culling efforts to control the spread of the virus (1,2,8,9). The spread of the HPAI (H5N1) virus from Southeast Asia to Russia, Europe, and Africa was assumed to originate from a virus source at Qinghai Lake, People’s Republic of China (6,10). Therefore, migratory birds were considered to be responsible for long distance dispersal of the virus (11–13).…”

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confidence: 99%