Global, regional and national burden of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Guan, Bin; Anderson, David B; Chen, Lingxiao; Feng, Shiqing; Zhou, Hengxing

doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-075049

Cited by 65 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…It is approximated that TBI annually afflicts a range of 54 to 60 million individuals, necessitating hospitalization or culminating in mortality. Worldwide, TBI accounted for 27.16 million new cases (with 95% uncertainty intervals of 23.36 to 31.42 million), 48.99 million prevalent cases (46.84 to 51.32 million), and 7.08 (5.00 to 9.59 million) million years lived with disability (YLDs) in 2019 ( Guan et al, 2023 ). On a global scale, the age-standardized incidence rates of TBI have demonstrated a significant decrease since 1990.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactive gliosis in traumatic brain injury: a comprehensive review

Amlerova,

Chmelova,

Anderova

et al. 2024

Front. Cell. Neurosci.

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common pathological conditions impacting the central nervous system (CNS). A neurological deficit associated with TBI results from a complex of pathogenetic mechanisms including glutamate excitotoxicity, inflammation, demyelination, programmed cell death, or the development of edema. The critical components contributing to CNS response, damage control, and regeneration after TBI are glial cells–in reaction to tissue damage, their activation, hypertrophy, and proliferation occur, followed by the formation of a glial scar. The glial scar creates a barrier in damaged tissue and helps protect the CNS in the acute phase post-injury. However, this process prevents complete tissue recovery in the late/chronic phase by producing permanent scarring, which significantly impacts brain function. Various glial cell types participate in the scar formation, but this process is mostly attributed to reactive astrocytes and microglia, which play important roles in several brain pathologies. Novel technologies including whole-genome transcriptomic and epigenomic analyses, and unbiased proteomics, show that both astrocytes and microglia represent groups of heterogenic cell subpopulations with different genomic and functional characteristics, that are responsible for their role in neurodegeneration, neuroprotection and regeneration. Depending on the representation of distinct glia subpopulations, the tissue damage as well as the regenerative processes or delayed neurodegeneration after TBI may thus differ in nearby or remote areas or in different brain structures. This review summarizes TBI as a complex process, where the resultant effect is severity-, region- and time-dependent and determined by the model of the CNS injury and the distance of the explored area from the lesion site. Here, we also discuss findings concerning intercellular signaling, long-term impacts of TBI and the possibilities of novel therapeutical approaches. We believe that a comprehensive study with an emphasis on glial cells, involved in tissue post-injury processes, may be helpful for further research of TBI and be the decisive factor when choosing a TBI model.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactive gliosis in traumatic brain injury: a comprehensive review

Amlerova,

Chmelova,

Anderova

et al. 2024

Front. Cell. Neurosci.

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“…Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) profoundly impact the global population affecting lifestyle and work productivity of an estimated 50 million individuals worldwide 1 . They are a leading cause of disability imposing high economic burden of health costs for the individual and healthcare systems 2,3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age dictates brain functional connectivity and axonal integrity following repetitive mild traumatic brain injuries

Criado-Marrero,

Ravi,

Bhaskar

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) present a major public health challenge, demanding an in-depth understanding of age-specific signs and vulnerabilities. Aging not only significantly influences brain function and plasticity but also elevates the risk of hospitalizations and death following repetitive mild traumatic brain injuries (rmTBIs). In this study, we investigate the impact of age on brain network changes and white matter properties following rmTBI employing a multi-modal approach that integrates resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI), graph theory analysis, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging (NODDI). Utilizing the CHIMERA model, we conducted rmTBIs or sham (control) procedures on young (2.5-3 months old) and aged (22-month-old) male and female mice to model high-risk groups. Functional and structural imaging unveiled age-related reductions in communication efficiency between brain regions, while injuries induced opposing effects on the small-world index across age groups, influencing network segregation. Functional connectivity analysis also identified alterations in 79 out of 148 brain regions by age, treatment (sham vs. rmTBI), or their interaction. Injuries exerted pronounced effects on sensory integration areas, including insular and motor cortices. Age-related disruptions in white matter integrity were observed, indicating alterations in various diffusion directions (mean, radial, axial diffusivity, fractional anisotropy) and density neurite properties (dispersion index, intracellular and isotropic volume fraction). Inflammation, assessed through Iba-1 and GFAP markers, correlated with higher dispersion in the optic tract, suggesting a neuroinflammatory response in aged animals. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the intricate interplay between age, injuries, and brain connectivity, shedding light on the long-term consequences of rmTBIs.

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“…Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are the seventh leading cause of disability globally with 48.99 million prevalent cases and 7.08 million years lived with diability 16 . Approximately 80% of TBI patients are diagnosed with mild TBI (mTBI), or concussion, caused by nonpenetrating mechanical trauma to the head or body along with sudden rotational motion of the head 1–3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minimally invasive serial collection of cerebrospinal fluid reveals sex-dependent differences in neuroinflammation in a rat model of mild traumatic brain injury

Karam,

Ashfaq,

Benitez

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are the seventh leading cause of disability globally with 48.99 million prevalent cases and 7.08 million years lived with diability. Approximately 80% of TBI patients are diagnosed with mild TBI (mTBI), or concussion, caused by nonpenetrating mechanical trauma to the head or body along with sudden rotational motion of the head. Major distinctions between mTBI and more severe TBI include the absence of intracranial lesions, hemorrhages, and skull fractures in mTBI. Further, there are differences in the inflammatory response based on injury severity. While some overlap of the neuroinflammatory response across TBI severities is expected, studies investigating the temporal dynamics of neuroinflammation after mTBI and the sex-dependent differences are still needed as there have been many reported sex-dependent differences in mTBI. To fully understand the inflammatory response to TBI, it is vital to assay cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as it has been shown that CSF biomarkers such as MAP-2 enhance prognosis capabilities. The literature analyzing the CSF proteome over time after TBI is very limited, primarily due to the lack of a CSF collection method that is minimally invasive and enables serial collections. This study had three primary goals. First, we wanted to describe a method of minimally invasive serial CSF collection. The method described in this study can easily be adapted by any laboratory prepared for animal studies. Second, we wanted to confirm that serial collection of the CSF does not alter CSF protein levels. Of the 17 analytes we tested, 16 showed no difference between serial collection and single collection. Third, we wanted to establish a framework for assessing sex differences in neuroinflammation after a concussion. We showed that results vary based on the framing of the statistical test. However, it is evident that males experience a more robust inflammatory response to a single concussion than females.

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Global, regional and national burden of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Cited by 65 publications

References 38 publications

Reactive gliosis in traumatic brain injury: a comprehensive review

Reactive gliosis in traumatic brain injury: a comprehensive review

Age dictates brain functional connectivity and axonal integrity following repetitive mild traumatic brain injuries

Minimally invasive serial collection of cerebrospinal fluid reveals sex-dependent differences in neuroinflammation in a rat model of mild traumatic brain injury

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