Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-years for 32 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2015

Abstract

IMPORTANCE Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Current estimates on the burden of cancer are needed for cancer control planning. OBJECTIVE To estimate mortality, incidence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 32 cancers in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. EVIDENCE REVIEW Cancer mortality was estimated using vital registration system data, cancer registry incidence data (transformed to mortality estimates using separately estimated mortality to incidence [MI] ratios), and verbal autopsy data. Cancer incidence was calculated by dividing mortality estimates through the modeled MI ratios. To calculate cancer prevalence, MI ratios were used to model survival. To calculate YLDs, prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights. The YLLs were estimated by multiplying age-specific cancer deaths by the reference life expectancy. DALYs were estimated as the sum of YLDs and YLLs. A sociodemographic index (SDI) was created for each location based on income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Countries were categorized by SDI quintiles to summarize results. FINDINGS In 2015, there were 17.5 million cancer cases worldwide and 8.7 million deaths. Between 2005 and 2015, cancer cases increased by 33%, with population aging contributing 16%, population growth 13%, and changes in age-specific rates contributing 4%. For men, the most common cancer globally was prostate cancer (1.6 million cases). Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer was the leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs in men (1.2 million deaths and 25.9 million DALYs). For women, the most common cancer was breast cancer (2.4 million cases). Breast cancer was also the leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs for women (523 000 deaths and 15.1 million DALYs). Overall, cancer caused 208.3 million DALYs worldwide in 2015 for both sexes combined. Between 2005 and 2015, age-standardized incidence rates for all cancers combined increased in 174 of 195 countries or territories. Age-standardized death rates (ASDRs) for all cancers combined decreased within that timeframe in 140 of 195 countries or territories. Countries with an increase in the ASDR due to all cancers were largely located on the African continent. Of all cancers, deaths between 2005 and 2015 decreased significantly for Hodgkin lymphoma (−6.1% [95% uncertainty interval (UI), −10.6% to −1.3%]). The number of deaths also decreased for esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, and chronic myeloid leukemia, although these results were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE As part of the epidemiological transition, cancer incidence is expected to increase in the future, further straining limited health care resources. Appropriate allocation of resources for cancer prevention, early diagnosis, and curative and palliative care requires detailed knowledge of the local burden of cancer. The GBD 2015 study results demonstrate that progress is possible in the war against ca...

Utilization patterns of complementary and alternative medicine in Australia, Canada and the United States: popularity of dietary supplements, mind-body and manipulative therapies

“…These differences could be attributed to many reasons, including cultural, social, economic and technological trends. Considering observation that people with multiple chronic conditions have an increased likelihood of using CAM, overall aging of the population and increasing prevalence of chronic diseases, it is likely to expect that CAM approaches will become even more popular in the future [12,[23][24][25][26][27][28]. In recognition of the widespread popularity of CAM, leading academic institutions have started to incorporate CAM into medical education, clinical practice and research [29,30].…”

Do Military Occupations Increase the Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma?

“…Military population may differ from general population in various terms including exposure to particular risk factors, environmental contaminators, sunlight exposure, smoking and alcohol in one hand and better physical fitness, free access to medical care, and regular screening on the other hand (9). Military forces are also exposed to several hazards during deployment such as local industry pollutant, indigenous ambient particulate matter, exhaust from military vehicles, machinery and generators, open air burn pit emissions and fumes from fires, munitions and weapons, depleted uranium and radiation (2).…”

“…Based on a systematic review, 666,000 (95% UI, 584,000 -710,000) incident cases of NHL and 231,000 (95%UI, 196,000 -244,000) deaths have been reported in 2015. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma caused 6.3 million (95% UI, 5.4 -6.6 million) DALYs in 2015, 95% coming from YLLs and 5% from YLDs (9). Although new diagnosed cases of NHL increased by 56% from 2005 to 2015 (9), no significant change in the rate of NHL has been detected in a systematic analysis of the cancer statistics from 1980 to 2015 (10).…”

All sites but skin cancer incidences analyzed worldwide by sex, age, and skin type over time (1955-2007), advancing age, and UVB dose reveals important carcinogenic drivers

“…In 2015, there were 17.5 million new cancer cases and 8.7 million cancer deaths worldwide. [1] For men, prostate cancer (1.6 million cases) was the most common; for women, breast cancer (2.4 million cases) was the most common; for both sexes, colon and rectum cancers (1.78 million) were the third most prevalent cancers worldwide. Alarmingly, the incidence of all cancers rose 33% in only one decade (2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015); prostate cancer rose 66.1%, breast cancer rose 43%, and colon cancer rose 36.5%.…”