Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2008: a systematic analysis

Black, Robert E.; Cousens, Simon; Johnson, Hope L.; Lawn, Joy E; Rudan, Igor; Bassani, Diego G.; Jha, Prabhat; Campbell, Harry; Walker, Christa L. Fischer; Cibulskis, Richard; Eisele, Thomas P.; Liu, Li; Mathers, Colin

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60549-1

Cited by 2,659 publications

(2,106 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…However, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) estimate that 1.5 million children worldwide continue to die from vaccine-preventable diseases every year because of sub-optimal vaccination coverage [5]. The largest number of these deaths occurs in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and South-East Asia [6] where more than 70% of unvaccinated children worldwide live [4]. This emphasizes the particular need for continued monitoring of vaccination programme performance to detect potential problems and to identify appropriate solutions in these regions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccination coverage and factors associated with adherence to the vaccination schedule in young children of a rural area in Burkina Faso

Kagoné

Yé

Nebié

et al. 2017

Global Health Action

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Background: Vaccination is an important tool for reducing infectious disease morbidity and mortality. In the past, less than 80% of children 12–23 months of age were fully immunized in Burkina Faso. Objectives: To describe coverage and assess factors associated with adherence to the vaccination schedule in rural area Burkina Faso. Methods: The study population was extracted from the Nouna Health and Demographic surveillance system cohort. Data from four rounds of interviews conducted between November 2012 and June 2014 were considered. This study included 4016 children aged 12–23 months. We assessed the effects of several background factors, including sex, factors reflecting access to health care (residence, place of birth), and maternal factors (age, education, marital status), on being fully immunized defined as having received Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG), three doses of diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis and oral polio vaccine, and measles vaccine by 12 months of age. The associations were studied using binomial regression to derive prevalence ratios (PRs) in univariate and multivariate regression models. Results: The full vaccination coverage increased significantly over time (72% in 2012, 79% in 2013, and 81% in 2014, p = 0.003), and the coverage was significantly lower in urban than in rural areas (PR 0.84; 0.80–0.89). Vaccination coverage was neither influenced by sex nor influenced by place of birth or by maternal factors. Conclusion: The study documented a further improvement in full vaccination coverage in Burkina Faso in recent years and better vaccination coverage in rural than in urban areas. The organization of healthcare systems with systematic outreach activities in the rural areas may explain the difference between rural and urban areas.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccination coverage and factors associated with adherence to the vaccination schedule in young children of a rural area in Burkina Faso

Kagoné

Yé

Nebié

et al. 2017

Global Health Action

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“…A detailed explanation of the equation has been presented elsewhere [10,22]. We restricted the data analysis to 2000–2015 because the progress in child survival has been in part credited to the MDG campaign, which has led to the scaling-up of many life-saving interventions and increases in official development assistance [19,23–27].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The distribution of causes of child mortality has been updated, including the progress toward the MDG 4 target, at global, regional, and national levels [1–10]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cause-specific child mortality performance and contributions to all-cause child mortality, and number of child lives saved during the Millennium Development Goals era: a country-level analysis

Jin

Mankadi

Rigotti

et al. 2018

Global Health Action

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Background: During the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) era, impressive reductions in the under-5 mortality rate (U5MR) have been observed, although the MDG 4 target was not met. So far, cause-specific progress in child mortality has been analyzed and discussed mainly at the global and regional levels. Objectives: We aimed to explore annual changes in cause-specific mortality at the country level, assess which causes contributed the most to child mortality reduction in 2000–2015, and estimate how many child lives were saved. Methods: We used the cause-specific child mortality estimates published by Liu and colleagues. We derived average annual changes in cause-specific child mortality rates and cause-specific contribution to overall child mortality in 2000–2015. We estimated the number of cause-specific child deaths averted during the MDG era, assuming that cause-specific child mortality remained the same as in 2000. We targeted the 75 Countdown countries where 95% of maternal and child deaths occurred during the MDG era. Results: Wide disparities existed across causes within countries, both in neonatal and post-neonatal mortality reduction, except for a few countries such as China, Rwanda, and Cambodia. In 20 of the 45 sub-Saharan African countries, malaria was the main contributor to post-neonatal mortality reduction, and pneumonia was the main contributor in only six countries. A single disease often contributed to a substantial proportion of the child mortality reduction, particularly in west and central African countries. Diarrhea-specific post-neonatal child mortality reduction accounted for 7.1 million averted child deaths (24.5%), while pneumonia accounted for another 6.7 million averted child deaths (23%). Conclusions: This study demonstrates country-specific characteristics with regards to cause-wise child mortality that could not be identified by global or regional analyses. These findings provide the global community with evidence for formulating national policies and strategies to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals in child mortality reduction.

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“…A common denominator for good performance in these countries has been a concerted public health approach that incorporates nutrition, immunizations, breastfeeding, vitamin A supplementation, and safe water access. Nonetheless, uptake of low cost interventions for pneumonia, diarrhea, and malaria, which together are responsible for about one-third of deaths in children under 5 years of age, has remained unacceptably low [49].…”

Section: Back To Realitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Better Drug Therapy for the Children of Africa: Current Impediments to Success and Potential Strategies for Improvement

et al. 2013

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A commentary is presented on the urgent need for a comprehensive effort to improve the practice of pediatric therapeutics in Africa. A call for action is addressed to a variety of practitioners internationally, many of whom possess skills that could be fruitfully applied to the improvement of health outcomes for African children. Successful engagement with the many challenges requires the complementary effort of researchers in basic and clinical pharmacology and toxicology, nurses, pharmacists, physicians, clinical pharmacologists, clinical pharmacists, and political leaders and civil servants. While a comprehensive or systematic review of the relevant literature has not been attempted, the authors have highlighted promising initiatives driven by international agencies and academic networks. Two African perspectives are presented to reinforce the prospect of child health gains that can be achieved through consistent pursuit of optimal therapy for conditions such as respiratory infection, diarrhea, malaria, and HIV/AIDS. There is an imperative for development of north-south and south-south partnerships that will amplify current research efforts and mobilize existing knowledge concerning pediatric drugs. The overall goal is a multidisciplinary commitment to making essential medicines available at the right time, the right place, and in the right formulation for African children from infancy to adolescence.

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Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2008: a systematic analysis

Cited by 2,659 publications

References 19 publications

Vaccination coverage and factors associated with adherence to the vaccination schedule in young children of a rural area in Burkina Faso

Vaccination coverage and factors associated with adherence to the vaccination schedule in young children of a rural area in Burkina Faso

Cause-specific child mortality performance and contributions to all-cause child mortality, and number of child lives saved during the Millennium Development Goals era: a country-level analysis

Better Drug Therapy for the Children of Africa: Current Impediments to Success and Potential Strategies for Improvement

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