“…There were missteps across the government” (Zakaria, 2021 , 30). In the introduction to our 2021 special issue of Public Organization Review on “Global Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic,” we asserted that “few government institutions are designed, structured or inclined to make policy decisions in this type of environment where ‘surprise management’ is required (Farazmand, 2009 ; Ott et al, 2021 , 619). For example, a year or two ago it appeared that autocratic-type governments were more effective than democracies in their responses to the pandemic, but more recent developments do not support this assumption.…”