Global Spread of Human Chromoblastomycosis Is Driven by Recombinant Cladophialophora carrionii and Predominantly Clonal Fonsecaea Species

Deng, Shuwen; Tsui, Clement K. M.; Ende, A. H. G. Gerrits van den; Yang, Lu; Najafzadeh, Mohammad Javad; Badali, Hamid; Li, Ruoyu; Hagen, Ferry; Meis, Jacques F.; Sun, Jiufeng; Dolatabadi, Somayeh; Papierok, B.; Pan, Weihua; Hoog, G.S. de; Liao, Wanqing

doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004004

Cited by 26 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…It has a worldwide distribution mainly in tropical and subtropical climate zones, with a preference for humid climates with dense forestation, with Cladophialophora carrionii being the only species that is restricted to semi-arid areas with Cactaceae as main vegetation. Endemic areas are in Japan, Southeast Asia, Australia, Madagascar, as well as South and Central America [1–7]. In Brazil, the infection is observed in all states, with an estimated prevalence of 1/196 thousand inhabitants, but in some hyperendemic regions a considerably higher prevalence is noted [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Epidemiology of Agents of Human Chromoblastomycosis in Brazil with the Description of Two Novel Species

et al. 2016

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The human mutilating disease chromoblastomycosis is caused by melanized members of the order Chaetothyriales. To assess population diversity among 123 clinical strains of agents of the disease in Brazil we applied sequencing of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer region, and partial cell division cycle and β-tubulin genes. Strains studied were limited to three clusters divided over the single family Herpotrichiellaceae known to comprise agents of the disease. A Fonsecaea cluster contained the most important agents, among which F. pedrosoi was prevalent with 80% of the total set of strains, followed by 13% for F. monophora, 3% for F. nubica, and a single isolate of F. pugnacius. Additional agents, among which two novel species, were located among members of the genus Rhinocladiella and Cyphellophora, with frequencies of 3% and 1%, respectively.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Epidemiology of Agents of Human Chromoblastomycosis in Brazil with the Description of Two Novel Species

et al. 2016

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“…The species responsible for this mycosis are Fonsecaea spp., Cladophialophoracarrionii, Phialophora verrucosa, Rhinocladiella aquaspersa and Exophiala spinifera [62][63][64]. Histopathologically, CBM specimens contain muriform cells (resembling courses of bricks in arrangement) or sclerotic cells associated with pus and granulomatous tissue reaction [62,65,66].…”

Section: Fusariosis: Fusariosisis Is Caused By Fusarium Species Inclumentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on Fungal Disease: From Establish Infection to Clinical Manifestation

Melo¹,

Scorzoni²,

Rossi³

et al. 2017

J Biotechnol Biomater

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Fungal diseases have emerged as an important cause of morbidity and mortality, especially among immunocompromised patients. Pathogenic fungi have evolved an array of virulence factors to survive within the host and to outwit immune defenses. Fungi may cause a wide range of diseases in humans that range in extent from superficial to disseminated infections. Generally, the site of infections classifies the type of fungal disease, which can be divided into superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous and systemic. In addition, the fungal virulence factors determine whether the infection will become established in the host. A primary pathogen may infect an immunologically normal host, whereas, an opportunistic pathogen requires some compromise of the host immune defenses in order for the infection to become established. This article covers the main fungi that are responsible for the increase of the fungal infections.Keywords: Fungal infections; Virulence; Yeast; Opportunistic infections; Endemic mycosis Fungal InfectionsFungal diseases have changed constantly in the last years. The virulence of these microorganisms has been adapted according to the human host, promoting a range of clinical manifestation. Several are the ways by which fungi promote a disease depending on human body part involved by the microorganism and the immunologic system of the host [1].In this review, we discuss the main fungal pathogens responsible for causing several diseases, highlighting on their virulence associate to clinical manifestation and the difficulty to accomplish the treatment. Superficial and cutaneous fungal diseasesSuperficial and cutaneous fungal infections are very common and occur worldwide affecting millions of people, especially immunocompromised patients. The most common types of these infections are dermatophytosis (tinea or ringworm), pityriasis versicolor (formerly tinea versicolor) and candidiasis (moniliasis). These occur by fungal invasion into the skin, keratinized tissues and mucous membranes [2]. Trichosporon and Fusarium species also cause superficial fungal infection, but also may be considered an invasive pathogen that may cause a systemic infection [3,4].Dermatophytosis: Dermatophytes are fungi that invade keratinized structures of humans and animals producing a condition called dermatophytosis or, more commonly, tinea [5,6]. These fungi belong to three main genera Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton, of these T. rubrum is the most prevalent species worldwide [7,8]. The mechanisms of pathogenicity of these fungi are not yet well understood. There are several studies focusing on keratinolytic proteases (keratinases) produced by dermatophytes, but it is not known how these fungi regulate the use of these proteases to obtain nutrients from the stratum corneum substrate they invade, and whether there are additional roles of these proteins in adhesion and immunomodulation [9].To establish the infection, the contact of arthroconidia or hyphal fragmens with the host skin is essential. The fungi express spe...

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“…Chromomycosis (CBM) is a chronic deep mycosis that may lead to severe morbidity, causing disfiguration and disability (Queiroz-Telles, 2015;Lupi et al, 2005). The highest prevalence rates reported are within the most of the tropical and subtropical zone, being most cases reported in Madagascar, South Africa, Brazil and Costa Rica (Queiroz-Telles, 2015;Queiroz-Telles et al, 2011;Deng et al, 2015). However, autochthone cases and different agents strains have been identified in Europe and other zones (Deng et al, 2015;Pindycka-Piaszczyńska et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introdationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The highest prevalence rates reported are within the most of the tropical and subtropical zone, being most cases reported in Madagascar, South Africa, Brazil and Costa Rica (Queiroz-Telles, 2015;Queiroz-Telles et al, 2011;Deng et al, 2015). However, autochthone cases and different agents strains have been identified in Europe and other zones (Deng et al, 2015;Pindycka-Piaszczyńska et al, 2014). The infection is more prevalent in males 30-50 years of age engaged in agriculture (70% of cases) (Bonifaz et al, 2001;Attapattu, 1997).…”

Section: Introdationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chromomycosis: Case Reports of Exuberant Forms Including Carcinomatous Degeneration

Pires¹,

Dias²,

Machado³

et al. 2019

American Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Chromomycosis, or chromomycosis, is a chronic, progressive cutaneous and subcutaneous mycosis caused by several species of pheoid or dermaticeous (darkly pigmented) fungi. It mainly affects male patients, in the age group between 30 and 60 years and is more common on rural areas, being associated to traumatic events, which may explain the high frequency of involvement of the lower limbs and exposed areas. Its lesion starts as a small, nonpruriginous, erythematous papule or macula and slowly spreads to the surrounding skin. Commonly, takes 5 to 15 years or more from the onset to diagnosis the disease. The disease progress and evolve to variable morphology types, chronic lesions and complications usually lead to definitive disability, especially due to treatment limitations. We present three cases of exuberant and disfiguring chromomycosis, including a case were the lesions suffered carcinomatous degeneration. All patients complained about the drug price and one of them abandoned the treatment and medical follow up. All patients were from rural area, one of them complained about the absence of medication and reported financial difficulties for transportation. In conclusion, physicians must be aware of chromomycosis as a possible diagnosis when considering a chronic skin condition. Although not common, prevention strategies and alternative therapies should be investigated to improve chromomycosis management, especially in undeveloped regions. The distance and difficulties to accesses health services may delay the diagnosis and prejudice the treatment, given that small and initial lesions have better prognosis, impairing the improvement in patients' quality of live and the prevention of severe complications and morbidities.

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Global Spread of Human Chromoblastomycosis Is Driven by Recombinant Cladophialophora carrionii and Predominantly Clonal Fonsecaea Species

Cited by 26 publications

References 32 publications

Molecular Epidemiology of Agents of Human Chromoblastomycosis in Brazil with the Description of Two Novel Species

Molecular Epidemiology of Agents of Human Chromoblastomycosis in Brazil with the Description of Two Novel Species

Update on Fungal Disease: From Establish Infection to Clinical Manifestation

Chromomycosis: Case Reports of Exuberant Forms Including Carcinomatous Degeneration

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