Global survey of malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT) sales, procurement and lot verification practices: assessing the use of the WHO–FIND Malaria RDT Evaluation Programme (2011–2014)

Incardona, Sandra; Serra-Casas, Elisa; Champouillon, Nora; Nsanzabana, Christian; Cunningham, Jane; González, Iveth J.

doi:10.1186/s12936-017-1850-8

Cited by 27 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Since malaria RDTs became available in the 1990s, growth in the number of tests, manufacturers, and volumes sold has been exponential ( 25 , 26 ). In parallel, the proportion of fever case-patients having access to diagnostic services before treatment has also expanded, particularly in Africa, largely attributed to the implementation of HRP2-based malaria RDTs ( 3 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Major Threat to Malaria Control Programs byPlasmodium falciparumLacking Histidine-Rich Protein 2, Eritrea

Berhane¹,

Anderson²,

Mihreteab³

et al. 2018

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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166

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False-negative results for Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein (HRP) 2–based rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are increasing in Eritrea. We investigated HRP gene 2/3 (pfhrp2/pfhrp3) status in 50 infected patients at 2 hospitals. We showed that 80.8% (21/26) of patients at Ghindae Hospital and 41.7% (10/24) at Massawa Hospital were infected with pfhrp2-negative parasites and 92.3% (24/26) of patients at Ghindae Hospital and 70.8% (17/24) at Massawa Hospital were infected with pfhrp3-negative parasites. Parasite densities between pfhrp2-positive and pfhrp2-negative patients were comparable. All pfhrp2-negative samples had no detectable HRP2/3 antigen and showed negative results for HRP2-based RDTs. pfhrp2-negative parasites were genetically less diverse and formed 2 clusters with no close relationships to parasites from Peru. These parasites probably emerged independently by selection in Eritrea. High prevalence of pfhrp2-negative parasites caused a high rate of false-negative results for RDTs. Determining prevalence of pfhrp2-negative parasites is urgently needed in neighboring countries to assist case management policies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Major Threat to Malaria Control Programs byPlasmodium falciparumLacking Histidine-Rich Protein 2, Eritrea

Berhane¹,

Anderson²,

Mihreteab³

et al. 2018

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

Self Cite

166

254

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“…The matureness level of some malaria RDTs is quite high, and some of the tests are in the WHO recommendation list [ 29 ]. They are fast, cheap, easy-to-use, and mass producible, which justifies their broad use [ 30 ], and the reason why such tests will not be replaced by other techniques, especially for triage tests at remote sites (RDT manufacturers’ reports showed that RDT sales had more than doubled from 2011 to 2014 [ 30 ]). Yet, a major drawback of RDTs is that each test targets only one disease and, although typically the first RDT is given for malaria, in case of malaria-negative result, other RDTs have to be sought or other analyses to be done.…”

Section: Diagnosticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Converging Human and Malaria Vector Diagnostics with Data Management towards an Integrated Holistic One Health Approach

Mitsakakis

Hin

Müller

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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Monitoring malaria prevalence in humans, as well as vector populations, for the presence of Plasmodium, is an integral component of effective malaria control, and eventually, elimination. In the field of human diagnostics, a major challenge is the ability to define, precisely, the causative agent of fever, thereby differentiating among several candidate (also non-malaria) febrile diseases. This requires genetic-based pathogen identification and multiplexed analysis, which, in combination, are hardly provided by the current gold standard diagnostic tools. In the field of vectors, an essential component of control programs is the detection of Plasmodium species within its mosquito vectors, particularly in the salivary glands, where the infective sporozoites reside. In addition, the identification of species composition and insecticide resistance alleles within vector populations is a primary task in routine monitoring activities, aiming to support control efforts. In this context, the use of converging diagnostics is highly desirable for providing comprehensive information, including differential fever diagnosis in humans, and mosquito species composition, infection status, and resistance to insecticides of vectors. Nevertheless, the two fields of human diagnostics and vector control are rarely combined, both at the diagnostic and at the data management end, resulting in fragmented data and mis- or non-communication between various stakeholders. To this direction, molecular technologies, their integration in automated platforms, and the co-assessment of data from multiple diagnostic sources through information and communication technologies are possible pathways towards a unified human vector approach.

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“…Since its development in the 1990s, and with more than 200 currently available brands, there has been consistent reports of observable increase in malaria RDT sales worldwide [9,10]. Most of the malaria RDTs exploit the presence of P. falciparum Histidine-Rich Protein-2 (PfHRP2) for the detection of Plasmodium falciparum [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2) diversity in Ghana

Addai‐Mensah

Dinko

Noagbe

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: In the absence of microscopy, Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich proteins 2 (PfHRP2)-based rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are recommended for the diagnosis of falciparum malaria, particularly in endemic regions. However, genetic variability of the PfHRP2 gene threatens the usefulness of the test. This study aimed to investigate the diversity of PfHRP2 in malaria cases among children in Ghana. Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Adidome Government Hospital in the Volta Region of Ghana. A total of 50 children with mean age of 6.6±3.5 years and diagnosed of falciparum malaria were included. Blood samples were collected for complete blood count, malaria parasite identification and counting. DNA samples were amplified and sequenced. Nucleotide sequences were translated in silico to corresponding amino acids and the deduced amino acids sequences were analyzed for diversity. Results:The number of repeats and number of each repeat within PfHRP2 varied between isolates.Twelve rare PfHRP2 repeat types, two of which are previously unreported, were identified in this study. Our HRP2 sequence shared high similarity with isolates from Kenya. Using Baker's regression model, Group B was the highest occurring type (58.0%). Screening of all sequences for epitopes recognized by PfHRP2-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), we found the predominant motif to be AHHAADAHH, which is recognized by the C1-13 mAbs. Conclusion:This study reports diversity of P. falciparum histidine-rich proteins 2 in samples from Ghanaian children with symptomatic malaria. We highlight the existence of extra amino acid repeat types which adds to the PfHRP2 antigenic variability. The findings of this study will contribute to the understanding of the performance of PfHRP2-based RDTs in the Ghanaian setting.accounting for not less than 20% of child deaths, 40% of child hospital admissions, and more than 50% of outpatient attendances [4][5][6][7].Although, microscopic examination of stained blood smears remains the gold standard for malaria diagnosis, its benefit is limited by the absence of adequate skilled personnel, and infrastructural and logistic resources, particularly in resource-poor areas [8]. To overcome this problem, the World Health Organization (WHO) included rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), a relatively less expensive and easily accessible test, as one of the alternative testing systems for malaria diagnosis prior to the prescription of antimalarial drugs.Since its development in the 1990s, and with more than 200 currently available brands, there has been consistent reports of observable increase in malaria RDT sales worldwide [9,10]. Most of the malaria RDTs exploit the presence of P. falciparum Histidine-Rich Protein-2 (PfHRP2) for the detection of Plasmodium falciparum [11]. The presence of repetitive epitopes, that enable their detection by multiple antibodies, and their abundance in blood during the blood-stage of malaria infections has made the PfHRP2 protein a common antigenic target for RDTs [12,13].In 2010, Gh...

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Global survey of malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT) sales, procurement and lot verification practices: assessing the use of the WHO–FIND Malaria RDT Evaluation Programme (2011–2014)

Cited by 27 publications

References 8 publications

Major Threat to Malaria Control Programs byPlasmodium falciparumLacking Histidine-Rich Protein 2, Eritrea

Major Threat to Malaria Control Programs byPlasmodium falciparumLacking Histidine-Rich Protein 2, Eritrea

Converging Human and Malaria Vector Diagnostics with Data Management towards an Integrated Holistic One Health Approach

Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2) diversity in Ghana

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