Global Terrorism Database

Maret, Susan

doi:10.5260/chara.19.3.14

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…[116,117] These biochemical findings rule out that proteins with low affinity zinc binding sites might be the physiologically relevant proteins for regulatory role of zinc. [118] In physiological circumstances, other essential metal ions, such as calcium, magnesium, iron, and copper can interfere with each other, and share regulation of biological processes, hence [105] ; reproduced with permission) depicting the cellular organization of the retina-RPE-choroid. Total cellular zinc concentration (left shaded bar) represents the total zinc content of the different layers of retina-choroid complex and the grayscale bar shows the total content relative to the each layers.…”

Section: Zinc In the Normal Retinamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…these interactions should always be considered when biological activity of zinc is being assessed. [118] The majority of the changes in cellular zinc levels are mediated through 24 zinc transmembrane proteins (ten zinc efflux transporters, called ZnT, and fourteen influx transporters, called ZIP) encoded for by two solute-linked carrier (SLC) gene families, SLC30, and SLC39, respectively. [119] These transporters are regulated transcriptionally, translationally, and at the protein level through heterodimer formation, ubiquitination, phosphorylation, and proteolysis.…”

Section: Zinc In the Normal Retinamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They sequester or release zinc, depending on the local redox state, thereby trapping, not only any zinc for storage, but also serve as zinc acceptors and donors for other proteins in a dynamic way (zinc buffering in non-steady state conditions). [118] Therefore, the redox inert zinc can influence the function of numerous proteins, transcription factors, and enzymes. [116,117,125] However, there are also redox modulation-independent mechanisms, which seem to modulate phosphorylation signaling [128] and zinc has a long-term effect on these gene expression levels.…”

Section: Zinc In the Normal Retinamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[135] Therefore, the direct molecular events determining zinc stimuli and acceptance of zinc, as a second messenger, need further investigation. [118] In addition to its presence in organelles, intracellular zinc is present in the outer segments of photoreceptors, [103,[110][111][112] where the availability of zinc is dependent on light-dark adaptation. In fact, zinc is required for the stabilization of disc membranes in the outer segments, [136] probably through the stabilization of rhodopsin.…”

Section: Zinc In the Normal Retinamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Zinc Nutrition and Inflammation in the Aging Retina

Gilbert

Pető²,

Lengyel³

et al. 2019

Molecular Nutrition Food Res

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Zinc is an essential nutrient for human health. It plays key roles in maintaining protein structure and stability, serves as catalytic factor for many enzymes, and regulates diverse fundamental cellular processes. Zinc is important in affecting signal transduction and, in particular, in the development and integrity of the immune system, where it affects both innate and adaptive immune responses. The eye, especially the retina‐choroid complex, has an unusually high concentration of zinc compared to other tissues. The highest amount of zinc is concentrated in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) (RPE‐choroid, 292 ± 98.5 µg g−1 dry tissue), followed by the retina (123±62.2 µg g−1 dry tissue). The interplay between zinc and inflammation has been explored in other parts of the body but, so far, has not been extensively researched in the eye. Several lines of evidence suggest that ocular zinc concentration decreases with age, especially in the context of age‐related disease. Thus, a hypothesis that retinal function could be modulated by zinc nutrition is proposed, and subsequently trialled clinically. In this review, the distribution and the potential role of zinc in the retina‐choroid complex is outlined, especially in relation to inflammation and immunity, and the clinical studies to date are summarized.

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Section: Zinc In the Normal Retinamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Zinc In the Normal Retinamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Zinc In the Normal Retinamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Zinc In the Normal Retinamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Zinc Nutrition and Inflammation in the Aging Retina

Gilbert

Pető²,

Lengyel³

et al. 2019

Molecular Nutrition Food Res

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“…For the USA, we collected data on far-right terror attacks from the Global Terrorism Database (GTD, Miller, LaFree, & Dugan, 2018) and from Wikipedia. The Global Terrorism Database (GTD) is an open-source database including information on Global terrorist events since 1970 and is updated through to the end of 2018, therefore covering the period of interest for the current study (August 2016-October 2018.…”

Section: Supplementary Information (Si) Formentioning

confidence: 99%

Mutual radicalisation of opposing extremist groups via the Internet

Jd¹,

Heerdink²

2021

Preprint

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Social media has become a common arena for both far-right and Islamic extremist groups to stoke division through the spreading of propaganda and hate speech. This online hate is suggested to drive extremism online, and in some cases lead to offline hate crimes and violence. Whether this online radicalisation happens in isolation within a group, or whether there is an interdependent relationship of mutual radicalisation, is unclear. A possible process by which mutual radicalisation could occur would be if social media incite users to commit offline violence, and if this offline violence in return triggers online reactions from both the target and perpetrator groups. This however has not been tested. This study addresses these questions by investigating the nature of the online-offline relationship of extremist hate. We combine data from the social media platform Gab, variations in Internet search trends, and offline hate crimes in three countries, and test for temporal relationships between opposing extremist groups. Our findings show that online hate from far-right groups both precedes offline violence from these same groups, and spikes following offline violence from opposing Islamic extremist groups. Additionally, far-right Islamophobic violence offline is also followed by increased online interest in Islamic extremist topics. Together, these findings show that the Internet, and specifically hate speech, plays a potential key role in a cyclical process that increases mutual radicalisation.

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Asking the Right Questions About Terrorism

Stewart¹,

Mueller²

2018

Are We Safe Enough?

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Global Terrorism Database

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Zinc Nutrition and Inflammation in the Aging Retina

Zinc Nutrition and Inflammation in the Aging Retina

Mutual radicalisation of opposing extremist groups via the Internet

Asking the Right Questions About Terrorism

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