Global Variation of Human Papillomavirus Genotypes and Selected Genes Involved in Cervical Malignancies

Abstract

Due to the advent of recent technologies, new candidate genes are explored and can be used as precise biomarkers for screening and developing drug targets.

Human papillomavirus infects placental trophoblast and Hofbauer cells, but appears not to play a causal role in miscarriage and preterm labor

“…Human papillomavirus genotype distribution is depicted in Figure . We detected the most prevalent high‐risk HPV types known from cervical cancer, such as HPV‐16 and HPV‐18, but also more rare types like HPV‐66, 62, 59, and 53 . All of the identified HPV types are reported to be among high‐risk or probable high‐risk HPV types , except HPV‐6 and ‐62, which are classified to be low‐risk types, and HPV‐10, which is of undetermined risk.…”

Prophylactic and Therapeutic Vaccines against Human Papillomavirus Infections

“…Thus, incidence of HPV-related diseases can increase despite HPV vaccination [73] due to many unvaccinated people, who will remain at a high risk and in need for treatment. In addition, distribution of HPV types among cervical malignancies changes all over the world [74][75][76]. Although, the high-risk HPV 16 and 18 are associated with most cervical cancers in Occident, this is not the case in Asia, where less than 60% of cervical cancer are related to these HPV types [28].…”

“…Antibodies induced by prophylactic vaccines cannot treat existing viral infections or established HPV-related diseases. Therefore, as discussed above, a high prevalence and mortality of cervical cancer still remains a serious health problem in the world, especially in developing countries [3,76]. In order to treat an established disease, the elements of the virus present during replication should be the target of the therapy involved.…”

Atypical Squamous Cells: Cytopathological Findings and Correlation with HPV Genotype and Histopathology

“…These results rarely cause concerns that more significant lesions may be present since 1/3 to 2/3 are HPV negative [10, 11]. There is important regional variation not only in the proportion of cytological atypias that are positive for HPV but also in the worldwide distribution of high-risk HPV [12]. Furthermore, ASC results depend on a pathologist’s subjective interpretation, and the criteria described in TBS are not totally satisfactory, which together cause wide variation in the rate of this cervical diagnosis [13, 14].…”