Glossopharyngeal insufflation causes lung injury in trained breath‐hold divers

Chung, Steven; Seccombe, Leigh M.; Jenkins, Christine; Frater, Clayton; Ridley, Lloyd J; Peters, Matthew J.

doi:10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01791.x

Cited by 29 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Nevertheless, even higher static and dynamic lung volumes were reached in subjects who performed glossopharyngeal breathing manoeuvres [13,22,23]. However, it was recently demonstrated that this practice may indeed lead to traumatic lung lesions, eventually resulting in pneumomediastinum or pneumothorax [24].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lung volumes of extreme breath-hold divers

Ferretti

Costa

Moroni³

et al. 2012

Sport Sci Health

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Achievements in breath-hold diving depend, amongst others, on body oxygen stores at start of dive. A diver with very high lung volumes could increase dive's duration, and attain deeper depths for a given speed. Thus, we hypothesized that extreme breath-hold divers have very high lung volumes. On eight extreme breathhold divers (age 35 + 4 years, height 179 + 7 cm, body mass 76 + 6 kg) and 9 non-diving controls (age 37 + 6 years, height 177 + 4 cm, body mass 81 + 9 kg) residual volume, vital capacity and total lung capacity (TLC) were measured with a body plethysmograph. Forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV 1 ) were measured with a spirometer. Peak expiratory flow and flow-volume loops were measured with a pneumotachograph. In divers, but not in controls, volumes and capacities were systematically and significantly (p<0.01, paired t-test) higher than predicted from their body size. Consistently, volumes and capacities were significantly higher in divers than in controls, except for residual volume. Divers' TLC was 22% higher than predicted, and 21% higher than in controls. All divers' TLC was higher than 8 L, two had it higher than 9 L. FVC and FEV 1 were significantly higher in divers than in controls. The FEV 1 /FVC ratio was the same in both groups. We conclude that extreme breath-hold divers may constitute a niche population with physiological characteristics different from those of normal individuals, facilitating the achievement of excellent diving performances.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lung volumes of extreme breath-hold divers

Ferretti

Costa

Moroni³

et al. 2012

Sport Sci Health

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“…Lung barotrauma has been associated with GI [3,4], which raises the possibility that use of this technique results in significant lung damage and long-term physiological impairment.…”

Section: To the Editormentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of respiratory system remodelling in a competitive freediver

et al. 2013

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“…Divers are thereby able to reach greater depths, store surplus oxygen and add space for storage of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). However, this manoeuvre is not without consequence, and may itself lead to deleterious changes in pulmonary mechanics and even pulmonary barotrauma due to increased permeability of pulmonary capillaries and elevated transpulmonary pressure [16,26,27]. Additionally, GPI leads to increased intrathoracic pressure which impedes venous return [28] and consequently decreases cardiac output [4,27,29].…”

Section: Respiratory Pathophysiology During and After Breath-hold Divingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even a small pressure difference may result in pulmonary barotrauma and can present as pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax, pneumopericardium, or at worst, arterial gas emboli (AGE). These events may occur during ascent or descent [31] and often occur in divers who perform GPI [26]. For detailed aspects of pulmonary barotrauma see other reports [32].…”

Section: Pulmonary Barotraumamentioning

confidence: 99%

Sports-related lung injury during breath-hold diving

Mijačika

Dujić

2016

Eur Respir Rev

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The number of people practising recreational breath-hold diving is constantly growing, thereby increasing the need for knowledge of the acute and chronic effects such a sport could have on the health of participants. Breath-hold diving is potentially dangerous, mainly because of associated extreme environmental factors such as increased hydrostatic pressure, hypoxia, hypercapnia, hypothermia and strenuous exercise.In this article we focus on the effects of breath-hold diving on pulmonary function. Respiratory symptoms have been reported in almost 25% of breath-hold divers after repetitive diving sessions. Acutely, repetitive breath-hold diving may result in increased transpulmonary capillary pressure, leading to noncardiogenic oedema and/or alveolar haemorrhage. Furthermore, during a breath-hold dive, the chest and lungs are compressed by the increasing pressure of water. Rapid changes in lung air volume during descent or ascent can result in a lung injury known as pulmonary barotrauma. Factors that may influence individual susceptibility to breath-hold diving-induced lung injury range from underlying pulmonary or cardiac dysfunction to genetic predisposition.According to the available data, breath-holding does not result in chronic lung injury. However, studies of large populations of breath-hold divers are necessary to firmly exclude long-term lung damage. @ERSpublications Breath-hold diving may result in acute respiratory symptoms, but does not lead to chronic lung dysfunction http://ow.ly/D03r302uMOD

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Glossopharyngeal insufflation causes lung injury in trained breath‐hold divers

Abstract: Barotrauma was observed in breath-hold divers who increased their lung volumes by GI. The long-term effects of this barotrauma are uncertain and longitudinal studies are required to assess cumulative lung damage.

Cited by 29 publications

References 14 publications

Lung volumes of extreme breath-hold divers

Lung volumes of extreme breath-hold divers

Evidence of respiratory system remodelling in a competitive freediver

Sports-related lung injury during breath-hold diving

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