Glucocorticoid treatment and new‐onset hyperglycaemia and diabetes in people living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Abstract

IntroductionIn people living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), we aimed to estimate: (1) the prevalence of glucocorticoid‐induced hyperglycaemia (GIH); (2) whether the prevalence of GIH varies by age, baseline diabetes status, treatment duration, ascertainment of glycaemia, definition of hyperglycaemia, study design and year of publication; and (3) the relative risk (RR) of new‐onset hyperglycaemia in exposed vs non‐exposed to systemic glucocorticoids.MethodsWe searched electronic databases until 9 November 2023 for randomised controlled trials and observational studies including adults diagnosed with COPD, with or without diabetes at baseline, using systemic glucocorticoids equivalent to prednisolone ≥5 mg/day for ≥3 days if exposed. Hyperglycaemia was defined as a blood glucose above a study‐specific cut‐off. We extracted data on study and participant characteristics, exposure and outcome. We performed random‐effects meta‐analysis to calculate pooled prevalence estimate of GIH. Prevalence was expressed as the proportion of people who developed hyperglycaemia among all exposed to systemic glucocorticoids during follow‐up. We calculated RR of new‐onset hyperglycaemia in exposed vs non‐exposed to systemic glucocorticoids from eight studies.ResultsOf 25,806 citations, we included 18 studies comprising 3642 people of whom 3125 received systemic glucocorticoids and 1189 developed hyperglycaemia. Pooled prevalence of GIH was 38.6% (95%CI 29.9%–47.9%) with significant heterogeneity, I2 = 96% (p < 0.010), which was partially explained by differences in study design. Pooled RR = 2.39 (95%CI 1.51–3.78). Publication bias was present.ConclusionThe prevalence of GIH was 38.6%. Being treated with systemic glucocorticoids for COPD was associated with 2.4 times higher risk of new‐onset hyperglycaemia versus no glucocorticoid treatment.