Glucose but Not Protein or Fat Load Amplifies the Cortisol Response to Psychosocial Stress

González-Bono, Esperanza; Rohleder, Nicolas; Hellhammer, Dirk H.; Salvador, Alicia; Kirschbaum, Clemens

doi:10.1006/hbeh.2002.1766

Cited by 95 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Further, adolescents demonstrate a greater susceptibility to abnormally high stress levels relative to other age groups (Byrne et al, 2007), which may be relevant given that the glucose memory facilitation effect may be modulated by the established interaction between glucose administration and stress-related circulating glucocorticoid levels (Fernández-Real, Ricart, & Casamitjana, 1997;Gibson, Checkley, Papadopoulos, Poon, Daley, & Wardle, 1999;Gonzalez-Bono, Rohleder, Hellhammer, Salvador, & Kirschbaum, 2002;Smith, 2002). This question should be addressed in future research investigations.…”

Section: Insert Table 3 About Here Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glucoregulatory and order effects on verbal episodic memory in healthy adolescents after oral glucose administration

Smith

Foster²

2008

Biological Psychology

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Northumbria University has developed Northumbria Research Link (NRL) to enable users to access the University's research output. Copyright © and moral rights for items on NRL are retained by the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. Single copies of full items can be reproduced, displayed or performed, and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided the authors, title and full bibliographic details are given, as well as a hyperlink and/or URL to the original metadata page. The content must not be changed in any way. Full items must not be sold commercially in any format or medium without formal permission of the copyright holder. The full policy is available online: http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/policies.html This document may differ from the final, published version of the research and has been made available online in accordance with publisher policies. To read and/or cite from the published version of the research, please visit the publisher's website (a subscription may be required.) The ingestion of oral glucose has been observed to facilitate memory performance in both elderly individuals and in young adults. However, fewer studies have investigated the effect of glucose on memory in children or adolescents. In the present study, the ingestion of a glucose laden drink was observed to enhance verbal episodic memory performance in healthy adolescents under conditions of divided attention, relative to a placebo drink. Further analyses found that this glucose memory facilitation effect was observed only in adolescents exhibiting better glucoregulatoryefficiency. These findings demonstrate that the glucose memory facilitation effect can be generalised to younger individuals. The importance of controlling for treatment order in within-subjects designs investigating the glucose memory enhancement effect is also discussed. 3The brain relies upon glucose as its primary fuel (Sieber & Traystman, 1992).In recent years, a rich literature has developed from both human and animal studies indicating that increases in circulating blood glucose can facilitate cognitive functioning (for a review see Messier, 2004). This phenomenon has been termed the 'glucose memory facilitation effect' (Foster, Lidder, & Sünram, 1998). It has been suggested that older individuals may benefit to a greater degree from glucose administration, as healthy young individuals are close to their 'cognitive peak ' (Foster et al., 1998). However, glucose has also been observed to facilitate memory in healthy young adults (e.g. Benton, Owens, & Parker, 1994;Foster et al., 1998;Sünram-Lea, Foster, Durlach, & Perez, 2001;Meikle, Riby, & Stollery, 2005). A meta-analytic review of the glucose memory facilitation effect has supported the view that verbal episodic memory is the cognitive domain that is most amenable to improvement subsequent to glucose ingestion (Riby, 2004).While an abundant literature now exists suggesting t...

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Section: Insert Table 3 About Here Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glucoregulatory and order effects on verbal episodic memory in healthy adolescents after oral glucose administration

Smith

Foster²

2008

Biological Psychology

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“…Catecholamine secretion by the SAM axis also is modulated by perceived coping self-efficacy (i.e., one's self-perceived ability to cope with a threat) (59). Likewise, metabolic factors modulate stress responses: Oral glucose uptake amplifies the CORT response to psychological stress (60), and activation of the HPA axis during the TSST also is modified by genetic variations in the serotonin receptor 1A gene and prior exposure to stressful life events (61). Thus, intrinsic metabolic and genetic factors modulate how stressors are interpreted and the magnitude of resulting physiological responses from the SAM and HPA axes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitochondrial functions modulate neuroendocrine, metabolic, inflammatory, and transcriptional responses to acute psychological stress

Picard

McManus

Gray

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

236

155

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The experience of psychological stress triggers neuroendocrine, inflammatory, metabolic, and transcriptional perturbations that ultimately predispose to disease. However, the subcellular determinants of this integrated, multisystemic stress response have not been defined. Central to stress adaptation is cellular energetics, involving mitochondrial energy production and oxidative stress. We therefore hypothesized that abnormal mitochondrial functions would differentially modulate the organism's multisystemic response to psychological stress. By mutating or deleting mitochondrial genes encoded in the mtDNA [NADH dehydrogenase 6 (ND6) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI)] or nuclear DNA [adenine nucleotide translocator 1 (ANT1) and nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT)], we selectively impaired mitochondrial respiratory chain function, energy exchange, and mitochondrial redox balance in mice. The resulting impact on physiological reactivity and recovery from restraint stress were then characterized. We show that mitochondrial dysfunctions altered the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis, sympathetic adrenal-medullary activation and catecholamine levels, the inflammatory cytokine IL-6, circulating metabolites, and hippocampal gene expression responses to stress. Each mitochondrial defect generated a distinct whole-body stressresponse signature. These results demonstrate the role of mitochondrial energetics and redox balance as modulators of key pathophysiological perturbations previously linked to disease. This work establishes mitochondria as stress-response modulators, with implications for understanding the mechanisms of stress pathophysiology and mitochondrial diseases. stress reactivity | mitochondria | HPA axis | catecholamines | hippocampus R epeated exposure to psychological stress can predispose to disease (1, 2). The underlying mechanisms involve dysregulation of peripheral stress response elements including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and glucocorticoids (3), the sympathetic adrenal-medullary (SAM) axis and catecholamines (4), systemic inflammation (5), and the "diabetic-like" state of excess circulating glucose and lipids (i.e., metabolic oversupply) promoted by stress hormones (6, 7). In addition, stress leads to neuronal remodeling, which involves changes in brain gene expression, particularly within the hippocampus (8, 9). However, the subcellular factors that modify these systemic responses to stress have not been defined. The objective of this study was to determine if mitochondria mediate physiological stress responses in mice.Mitochondria are symbiotic organelles that contain their own genetic material, the mtDNA, which encodes essential subunits of the respiratory chain complexes I, III, IV, and V. At complex I, electrons derived from energetic substrates (glucose and lipids) enter the respiratory chain and travel to complex IV, where they are combined with oxygen to produce energy in the form of ATP required for life (10). ATP generated inside mitochondria then is ex...

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“…Sessions were scheduled between 11:30 a.m. and 8 p.m. Due to evidence for an influence of instantaneous food and caffeine intake on the cortisol stress response assessed via saliva (Gonzalez-Bono, Rohleder, Hellhammer, Salvador, & Kirschbaum, 2002;Lovallo, Farag, Vincent, Thomas, & Wilson, 2006), participants were asked to refrain from eating and from consuming sugary or caffeinated beverages 2 h prior to their appointed time. Since acute glucose availability is assumed to be essential for a stress-related HPA-axis activity increase (Kirschbaum et al, 1997), all participants received 200 ml of grape juice at the beginning of the session to elevate their blood glucose levels and to allow these to converge across individuals.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Better not to deal with two tasks at the same time when stressed? Acute psychosocial stress reduces task shielding in dual-task performance

Plessow

Schade

Kirschbaum

et al. 2012

Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci

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A major control demand in successful dual-task performance is the task-specific separation of task-goal representations and of the related stimulus-response translation processes. In the present study, we investigated how these cognitive control processes of task shielding are affected by acute psychosocial stress. Fifty-six healthy participants were exposed to either an acute psychosocial stressor (the Trier Social Stress Test) or a standardized control situation prior to a dual task. Task shielding was assessed by analyzing the interference of Task 2 processing on prioritized Task 1 performance. Following successful stress induction, as indicated by increases in salivary α-amylase (sAA) and cortisol that reflect increases in sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity, respectively, stressed individuals displayed reduced task shielding relative to controls. This result was further substantiated by a correlation between treatment-related increase in cortisol, but not sAA, and between-task interference, suggesting a potential role of the HPA stress response for the development of the observed effects. As an additional finding, when the volunteers were categorized with regard to their action-state orientation, their orientation did not interact with stress but did reveal generally increased between-task interference, and thus inferior task shielding, for state-oriented as compared to action-oriented individuals. Technical progress during the last decades, particularly in the domains of communication technology and human-machine interactions, has tremendously increased dual-tasking requirements for the individual with regard to both quantity and quality. Similar to dual-tasking, stress has become an omnipresent aspect of modern life, and thus successful performing even under conditions of acute stress represents an everyday demand for more and more individuals. As a consequence, these similar trends are not only indicative of a need to address both issues, but also require an investigation of the specific link between acute stress and dual-task performance; this topic is pursued in the present study. Whenever more than one task is performed at a time, the cognitive system faces additional demands that go beyond those of single-task processing (e.g., online order control, task-set separation, and task-component scheduling). Accordingly, theoretical models of dual-task performance (e.g., Logan & Gordon, 2001;Meyer & Kieras, 1997;Sigman & Dehaene, 2006) assume that simultaneous task performance is coordinated and realized by mechanisms of cognitive control 1 1 It should be noted that this view is not shared by traditional dual-task models. For example, the influential response-selection bottleneck model holds that, due to a structural processing limitation, only certain information processing in two tasks can occur at the same time (e.g., perception and motor execution), whereas other critical stages (e.g., response selection) need to be performed one at a time (i.e., se...

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Glucose but Not Protein or Fat Load Amplifies the Cortisol Response to Psychosocial Stress

Cited by 95 publications

References 24 publications

Glucoregulatory and order effects on verbal episodic memory in healthy adolescents after oral glucose administration

Glucoregulatory and order effects on verbal episodic memory in healthy adolescents after oral glucose administration

Mitochondrial functions modulate neuroendocrine, metabolic, inflammatory, and transcriptional responses to acute psychological stress

Better not to deal with two tasks at the same time when stressed? Acute psychosocial stress reduces task shielding in dual-task performance

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