Glucose Homeostasis, Diabetes Mellitus, and Gender-Affirming Treatment

Milionis, Charalampos; Ilias, Ιoannis; Venaki, Evangelia; Koukkou, Eftychia

doi:10.3390/biomedicines11030670

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…Independent of the SRY gene, gonad type, and circulating sex hormones, XX individuals in animal models show higher fat deposits and food consumption, and thus, a higher risk of insulin resistance from a high-fat diet than their XY counterparts [50]. These sex differences could be caused by holandric genes (apart from the SRY ) or the number of X chromosomes [51].…”

Section: Sex-specific Differences In Glucose Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testosterone and Glucose Homeostasis in Adult Males: Current Insights and Future Prospects

Milionis,

Koukkou,

Venaki

et al. 2024

Discovery Medicine

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Insulin plays a central role in blood glucose regulation, with insulin resistance contributing to the progression of prediabetes to diabetes, underscoring the importance of early intervention. Androgens, primarily synthesized in the testis under pituitary gland influence, impact male reproductive function. Testosterone, crucial for sexual development and secondary male characteristics, declines with age, leading to issues like anemia, sexual dysfunction, and reduced bone density. Sex-specific differences in glucose metabolism highlight males' lower insulin sensitivity and less effective glucose utilization compared to females due to androgenic effects. Testosterone's intricate role extends to potential benefits in glycemic control, fat mass reduction, and muscle strength increase in men with diabetes. However, cautious consideration of testosterone therapy is crucial, especially in the presence of underlying health conditions, warranting further research for clear guidelines in managing hyperglycemia.

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Section: Sex-specific Differences In Glucose Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testosterone and Glucose Homeostasis in Adult Males: Current Insights and Future Prospects

Milionis,

Koukkou,

Venaki

et al. 2024

Discovery Medicine

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show abstract

“…Additional studies detected an interaction between diabetes and the female menstrual cycle, including a higher prevalence of oligomenorrhea, increased cycle duration, and glycemic variations along the cycle phases 12 13 . Furthermore, difficulties in medication management in women with diabetes during different menstrual cycle phases have been reported, 14 15 with a higher risk of hypoglycemia in the follicular phase (FP) and hyperglycemia in the luteal phase (LP) 16 . In addition, Ezenwaka et al detected higher insulin resistance in the LP than in the FP 17 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Physiological Fluctuations of Sex Hormones During the Menstrual Cycle on Glucose Metabolism and the Gut Microbiota

Schieren,

Koch,

Pecht

et al. 2024

Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases in the world. Previous studies have shown differences in glucose metabolism between males and females. Moreover, difficulties in medication adherence have been reported in females with type 2 diabetes. These observations are believed to be caused by fluctuations in sex hormone concentrations during the menstrual cycle. Furthermore, gut microbiota is linked to female host metabolism and sex hormone production. Understanding the interactions between fluctuating hormone concentrations during the menstrual cycle, gut microbiota as well as glucose metabolism in humans is of great relevance because of the increasing prevalence of diabetes and the consequent need to expand preventive efforts. To determine and summarize the existing evidence, deduce future research needs to maintain female health, and investigate the relationship between the physiological menstrual cycle and glucose metabolism, a literature search was performed. Surprisingly, the relationship between variations in the course of the menstrual cycle and glucose metabolism has been examined in healthy female subjects using an OGTT or IVGTT already in studies from 1967 to 2020; however, the overall number of studies is rather small. The results are contradictory, as some studies have detected differences in glucose concentrations depending on the different cycle phases, whereas others have not. Moreover, some studies have shown lower glucose levels in the follicular phase than in the luteal phase, whereas another study detected lower glucose levels in the luteal phase. Data on gut microbiota in relation to the menstrual cycle are limited. Conflicting results exist when examining the effect of hormonal contraceptives on the gut microbiota and changes in the course of the menstrual cycle. However, the results indicate that the menstrual cycle, especially fluctuating sex hormones, might have an impact on the composition of the gut microbiota. In conclusion, the menstrual cycle may affect the composition of the gut microbiota as well as glucose metabolism. These results indicate that glucose tolerance may be the greatest in the follicular phase; however, further well-conducted studies are needed to support this assumption.

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“…Testes regulate the carbohydrate metabolism in turn. For example, testosterone which mainly secreted from the testis in male animals are involved in carbohydrate metabolism via direct effects on skeletal muscle, liver, adipose tissue, and immune cells and indirectly through changes in body fat mass and distribution ( 10 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of hyperthyroidism and diabetes mellitus on spermatogenesis in peri- and post-pubertal mice

Shi,

Korejo,

Kamboh

et al. 2023

Front. Endocrinol.

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IntroductionDiabetes and thyroid dysfunction often co-exist. One autoimmune disorder always invites another and it has been reported that such co-morbid ailments always become detrimental to the health of the patients.Materials and methodsIn our previous work, we elucidated the interactions of diabetes and hypothyroidism on testicular development and spermatogenesis. However, the present study illuminates the interface between diabetes and hyperthyroidism, where 16 ICR pregnant primiparous mice were used and subsequently 48 male pups were randomly selected (n=12/group) and separated into 4 groups: control (C), diabetic (D), diabetic + hyperthyroidism (DH) and hyperthyroidism (H).ResultsComputerized sperm analyses showed significant reductions in count by 20% and increases of 15% in D and H animals, respectively, vs. controls. However, rapid progressive sperm motility was significantly lower only in D (30%) compared with C mice. Our histomorphometric investigation depicted damaging effects on testicular and epididymal tissues; the stroma adjacent to the seminiferous tubules of the D mice revealed edematous fluid and unstructured material. However, in the epididymis, germ cell diminution contraction of tubules, compacted principal and clear cells, lipid vacuolization, atypical cellular connections, exfoliated epithelial cells, and round spermatids were conspicuous in DH mice.DiscussionCollectively, our experiment was undertaken to ultimately better recognize male reproductive disorders in diabetic-hyperthyroid patients.

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Glucose Homeostasis, Diabetes Mellitus, and Gender-Affirming Treatment

Cited by 8 publications

References 76 publications

Testosterone and Glucose Homeostasis in Adult Males: Current Insights and Future Prospects

Testosterone and Glucose Homeostasis in Adult Males: Current Insights and Future Prospects

Impact of Physiological Fluctuations of Sex Hormones During the Menstrual Cycle on Glucose Metabolism and the Gut Microbiota

Effects of hyperthyroidism and diabetes mellitus on spermatogenesis in peri- and post-pubertal mice

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