Glucose Tolerance in Women: The Effects of Age, Body Composition, and Sex Hormones

Busby, M J; Bellantoni, Michele; Tobin, Jordan D.; Muller, Denis C.; Kafonek, Stephanie D.; Blackman, Marc R.; Andres, Reubin

doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb02018.x

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…[76][77][78][79][80][81] HRT improves carbohydrate metabolism, as evidenced by a decrease in hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, and body fat distribution. [81][82][83][84][85] HRT also appears to im-prove vascular reactivity, 86,87 translating to an increase in nitric oxide availability, which is a potent inhibitor of PAI-1 expression. 88,89 While the intrinsic fibrinolytic system appears to be intimately related to the aforementioned estrogen-related metabolic and physiologic factors, the precise estrogen-fibrinolytic interaction is unknown and may be multifactorial.…”

Section: Hormone Replacement Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor‐1: Physiologic Role, Regulation, and the Influence of Common Pharmacologic Agents

Tsikouris¹,

Suárez²,

Meyerrose³

2002

The Journal of Clinical Pharma

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Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is the major inhibitor of endogenous thrombolysis, thereby promoting thrombosis. PAI-1 is also a primary contributor to the development and recurrence of acute myocardial infarction. The renin angiotensin system, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, and estrogen all influence the fibrinolytic system and PAI-1 in particular. Available data strongly suggest that angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and hormone replacement therapy with estrogen beneficially reduce PAI-1 production. Metformin, an agent commonly used for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), appears to favorably decrease PAI-1 production in NIDDM patients but not nondiabetic patients. Among the cholesterol-lowering statins, clinical literature evaluating pravastatin provides the most compelling data to support this agent's favorable effect on PAI-1. Other available statins either have not displayed an effect on PAI-1 or do not have clear data to conclusively define their effects on the fibrinolytic system.

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Section: Hormone Replacement Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor‐1: Physiologic Role, Regulation, and the Influence of Common Pharmacologic Agents

Tsikouris¹,

Suárez²,

Meyerrose³

2002

The Journal of Clinical Pharma

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“…A slight increase of fasting glucose levels with increasing age was described in previously published studies [13,14], but these finding did not support a strong correlation. The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging could demonstrate a progressive decline in glucose tolerance in women from early to late adulthood [25]. In the longitudinal Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study, which included over 18,000 individuals aged 65 years and older, mortality from all causes, cardiovascular and ischemic heart disease increased with increasing glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values [26].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ageing and fasting glucose values – the role of cardiovascular events

Dzien¹,

Winner²,

Theurl

et al. 2015

European Geriatric Medicine

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“…Five of nine observational studies showed no significant differences in glucose levels during OGTT between different cycle phases [36,[38][39][40]42], whereas four studies showed significant differences [34,36,37,41]. In three of these four studies, glucose levels were significantly lower in the FP than in the LP [34,37,41]; Walsh and O'Sullivan reported the opposite result [36].…”

Section: Impact Of the Menstrual Cycle On Glucose Tolerancementioning

confidence: 90%

“…To date, studies examining the influence of menstrual cycle phases on glucose metabolism via OGTTs [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] in humans are scarce and have provided contradictory results.…”

Section: Impact Of the Menstrual Cycle On Glucose Tolerancementioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Physiological Fluctuations of Sex Hormones During the Menstrual Cycle on Glucose Metabolism and the Gut Microbiota

Schieren,

Koch,

Pecht

et al. 2024

Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases in the world. Previous studies have shown differences in glucose metabolism between males and females. Moreover, difficulties in medication adherence have been reported in females with type 2 diabetes. These observations are believed to be caused by fluctuations in sex hormone concentrations during the menstrual cycle. Furthermore, gut microbiota is linked to female host metabolism and sex hormone production. Understanding the interactions between fluctuating hormone concentrations during the menstrual cycle, gut microbiota as well as glucose metabolism in humans is of great relevance because of the increasing prevalence of diabetes and the consequent need to expand preventive efforts. To determine and summarize the existing evidence, deduce future research needs to maintain female health, and investigate the relationship between the physiological menstrual cycle and glucose metabolism, a literature search was performed. Surprisingly, the relationship between variations in the course of the menstrual cycle and glucose metabolism has been examined in healthy female subjects using an OGTT or IVGTT already in studies from 1967 to 2020; however, the overall number of studies is rather small. The results are contradictory, as some studies have detected differences in glucose concentrations depending on the different cycle phases, whereas others have not. Moreover, some studies have shown lower glucose levels in the follicular phase than in the luteal phase, whereas another study detected lower glucose levels in the luteal phase. Data on gut microbiota in relation to the menstrual cycle are limited. Conflicting results exist when examining the effect of hormonal contraceptives on the gut microbiota and changes in the course of the menstrual cycle. However, the results indicate that the menstrual cycle, especially fluctuating sex hormones, might have an impact on the composition of the gut microbiota. In conclusion, the menstrual cycle may affect the composition of the gut microbiota as well as glucose metabolism. These results indicate that glucose tolerance may be the greatest in the follicular phase; however, further well-conducted studies are needed to support this assumption.

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Glucose Tolerance in Women: The Effects of Age, Body Composition, and Sex Hormones

Abstract: Age per se, and to a lesser extent BMI and WHR, but not levels of endogenous sex steroids, contribute to the physiological decline in glucose tolerance in older women.

Cited by 14 publications

References 45 publications

Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor‐1: Physiologic Role, Regulation, and the Influence of Common Pharmacologic Agents

Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor‐1: Physiologic Role, Regulation, and the Influence of Common Pharmacologic Agents

Ageing and fasting glucose values – the role of cardiovascular events

Impact of Physiological Fluctuations of Sex Hormones During the Menstrual Cycle on Glucose Metabolism and the Gut Microbiota

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