Glucose transformations over a mechanical mixture of ZnO and Ru/C catalysts: Product distribution, thermodynamics and kinetics

Hydrous pyrolysis of glucose using a rapid pulsed reaction technique

“…According to the literature, 5,19,25 and the findings from the current research, the GA formation pathways through retro-aldol condensation of glucose, fructose, and 2-deoxy- d -glucose are illustrated in Fig. 8.…”

“…The black arrows are reaction pathways adapted from previous research. 5,19,20,25,27,28 As discussed in sub-section 3.1.2, the acetic acid formation from GA was observed during pulse-pyrolysis of GA. GA is known to dehydrate to ketene. 29 It is probable that, ketene rehydrate to form acetic acid, 30,31 as depicted in Fig.…”

“…Formation of PVA and ACT could also be promoted through other pathways where isomerization of glucose to fructose and dehydration reactions take place. 5,19,20,25 However, the reported product yields at temperatures above 600 °C may be subject to greater uncertainty, as such high temperatures carry very significant correction factor values, which significantly affect the reported intrinsic yields.…”

Acetalization strategy in biomass valorization: a review

“…For example, 1,2-propanediol represents a renowned biobased diol with broad interest in food, pharmaceuticals, and polymer science, which has received exceptional attention in the cellulosic biorefinery system (Scheme 3). 81,82 Currently, several heterogeneous catalysts are available for the acetalization of furfural with 1,2-propanediol, including SAPO-34 zeolite 83 and sulfonic acid-functionalized metal-organic framework MIL-101 (ref. 84) and MIL-100(Fe).…”

Hydrogenolysis of isosorbide to diols and triols over a heterogeneous SiO2-supported Rh catalyst

“…Glucose and xylose, typical monosaccharides, have been applied to the production of C2-or C3-diols such as 1,2-propanediol and ethylene glycol. [11][12][13] However, these processes are complex and challenging, comprising isomerization, retro-aldol condensation and hydrogenation. 14,15 Extensive focus is on using versatile sugar alcohols such as glycerol, erythritol, xylitol and sorbitol to synthesize polyols via selective C-O hydrogenolysis with H 2 as a reducing agent (Scheme 1).…”