Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies in tardive dyskinesia (TD) as compared to patients with schizophrenia without TD and normal controls

Yarlagadda, Atmaram; Helvink, Badalin; Chou, Caroline; Gladieux, Kenneth; Keller, Adrienne; Clayton, Anita H.

doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.06.019

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…In the same study there was no significant difference in the mean GAD65 index between schizophrenia patients and controls . Yarlagadda et al found that patients with chronic psychosis and TD had significantly higher antibody levels compared to chronic psychosis patients without TD ( P = 0.044), with 38.5% of the TD group (5/13) being positive for GAD65 antibodies, and no antibodies found in patients without TD (0/7) …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…GAD65 levels were not found to significantly correlate with duration of illness or treatment, symptom severity, or rapid cycling. Seven case–control studies did not find statistically significant differences in GAD65 positivity between cases and controls …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The literature search revealed nine studies satisfying eligibility criteria. Eight of these were case-control studies 20,29,30,[33][34][35][36][37] and one was an observational study (with general population rates of GAD65 positivity used for comparison in Cohen et al 38 ). All of the included studies assessed serum for GAD antibody positivity.…”

Section: Vgkc Prevalence Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…© 2017 The Authors Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences © 2017 Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology statistically significant differences in GAD65 positivity between cases and controls. 20,29,30,[34][35][36][37] Seven of the case-control studies assessed antibody levels in patient and control groups and two found statistically significant differences. Padmos et al identified a mean GAD65A index that was significantly higher in bipolar patients compared with control subjects (P = 0.038).…”

Section: Case-control Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Yarlagadda et al 35 Yarlagadda et al 36 Padmos et al 33 Yarlagadda et al 20 Lennox et al 37 Cohen et al 38 Gaughran et al 34 Çoban et al 29 Dahm © 2017 The Authors Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences © 2017 Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology studies had small sample sizes, with contrasting methodologies used to measure and detect GAD antibodies. Three studies 29,35,36 used the enzymelinked immunosorbent assay method, with GAD levels calculated using absorbance values, rather than by antibody titers as in the 2011 Yarlagadda group study. 20 The other studies used radioimmunoassays to measure GAD antibodies.…”

Section: Event Rate and 95%cimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Autoantibodies against voltage‐gated potassium channel and glutamic acid decarboxylase in psychosis: A systematic review, meta‐analysis, and case series

Grain

Lally

Stubbs

et al. 2017

Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

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Antibodies to the voltage-gated potassium channel (VGKC) complex and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) have been reported in some cases of psychosis. We conducted the first systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate their prevalence in people with psychosis and report a case series of VGKC-complex antibodies in refractory psychosis. Only five studies presenting prevalence rates of VGKC seropositivity in psychosis were identified, in addition to our case series, with an overall prevalence of 1.5% (25/1720) compared to 0.7% in healthy controls (12/1753). Meta-analysis established that the pooled prevalence of GAD65 autoantibodies was 5.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.0-15.6%; I = 91%; nine studies) in psychotic disorders, with a prevalence of 4.6% (95%CI: 1.2-15.9%; nine studies; I = 89%) and 6.2% (95%CI: 1.2-27.0%; two studies; I = 69%) in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, respectively. People with psychosis were more likely to have GAD65 antibodies than controls (odds ratio [OR], 2.24; 95%CI: 1.28-3.92%; P = 0.005; eight studies; I = 0%). Among 21 participants with treatment-resistant psychosis, none had VGKC antibodies. The prevalence of VGKC antibodies is low in psychosis. Our preliminary meta-analysis suggests that GAD autoantibodies are more common in people with psychosis than in controls, although few studies accounted for the possibility of co-existing type 1 diabetes mellitus and the clinical significance of reported GAD titers remains unclear. The paucity of studies reporting thresholds for defining GAD abnormality and rates of comorbid type 1 diabetes mellitus precludes interpretations regarding the influence of GAD antibodies on the development of psychotic disorders and may have led to an overestimate of the prevalence of GAD. Our case series fails to support the hypothesis that VGKC antibodies are linked to treatment resistance in psychosis, but the literature to date is remarkably sparse.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Vgkc Prevalence Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Case-control Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Event Rate and 95%cimentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Autoantibodies against voltage‐gated potassium channel and glutamic acid decarboxylase in psychosis: A systematic review, meta‐analysis, and case series

Grain

Lally

Stubbs

et al. 2017

Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

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Autoantibody-associated psychiatric symptoms and syndromes in adults: A narrative review and proposed diagnostic approach

Hansen

Lipp

Vogelgsang

et al. 2020

Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health

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Background Autoimmune-mediated encephalitis is a disease that often encompasses psychiatric symptoms as its first clinical manifestation’s predominant and isolated characteristic. Novel guidelines even distinguish autoimmune psychosis from autoimmune encephalitis. The aim of this review is thus to explore whether a wide range of psychiatric symptoms and syndromes are associated or correlate with autoantibodies. Methods We conducted a PubMed search to identify appropriate articles concerning serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) autoantibodies associated with psychiatric symptoms and syndromes between 2000 and 2020. Relying on this data, we developed a diagnostic approach to optimize the detection of autoantibodies in psychiatric patients, potentially leading to the approval of an immunotherapy. Results We detected 10 major psychiatric symptoms and syndromes often reported to be associated with serum and/or CSF autoantibodies comprising altered consciousness, disorientation, memory impairment, obsessive-compulsive behavior, psychosis, catatonia, mood dysfunction, anxiety, behavioral abnormalities (autism, hyperkinetic), and sleeping dysfunction. The following psychiatric diagnoses were associated with serum and/or CSF autoantibodies: psychosis and schizophrenia spectrum disorders, mood disorders, minor and major neurocognitive impairment, obsessive-compulsive disorder, autism spectrum disorders (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety disorders, eating disorders and addiction. By relying on these symptom clusters and diagnoses in terms of onset and their duration, we classified a subacute or subchronic psychiatric syndrome in patients that should be screened for autoantibodies. We propose further diagnostics entailing CSF analysis, electroencephalography and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. Exploiting these technologies enables standardized and accurate diagnosis of autoantibody-associated psychiatric symptoms and syndromes to deliver early immunotherapy. Conclusions We have developed a clinical diagnostic pathway for classifying subgroups of psychiatric patients whose psychiatric symptoms indicate a suspected autoimmune origin.

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Association between TNF-α promoter −308A/G polymorphism and tardive dyskinesiain Chinese Han patients with schizophrenia

Fan

Yang

et al. 2012

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry

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Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies in tardive dyskinesia (TD) as compared to patients with schizophrenia without TD and normal controls

Cited by 7 publications

References 8 publications

Autoantibodies against voltage‐gated potassium channel and glutamic acid decarboxylase in psychosis: A systematic review, meta‐analysis, and case series

Autoantibodies against voltage‐gated potassium channel and glutamic acid decarboxylase in psychosis: A systematic review, meta‐analysis, and case series

Autoantibody-associated psychiatric symptoms and syndromes in adults: A narrative review and proposed diagnostic approach

Association between TNF-α promoter −308A/G polymorphism and tardive dyskinesiain Chinese Han patients with schizophrenia

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