Glutamine accumulation inhibits root growth and lateral root formation in ginseng hairy roots

Jung, Sunghoon; Kim, Suk Weon; Ban, Sung Hee; In, Dong Su; Jung, Jong Duck; Chung, Hwa Jee; Liu, Jang Ryol; Lim, Yong Pyo; Choi, Dong-Woog

doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2005.11.013

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Exogenous Glutamate Inhibit the Root Growth Previously, our work with ginseng hairy root show that high concentration of glutamine is in the tissue of lowbranching and slow-growth type hairy root (Jung et al 2006). It was well-known that NO 3 − is the major nitrogen source for plant and affects significantly the development of root system.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Contents of glutamine and glutamate were calculated as previous report (Jung et al 2006). Briefly, to quantify glutamine and glutamate contents from 1 H-NMR spectral data, the amino acid solution were prepared with a starting concentration of 5 mg/ml in deuterated solvent mixtures (D2O/CD3OD, 80:20).…”

Section: Quantification Of Glutamine Contents From 1 H-nmr Spectroscomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previously, our work shows that ginseng hairy root with low growth rates and few branching phenotype contains high level of glutamine (Jung et al 2006). In order to understand the relationship of the glutamine content and root growth, we applied exogenous glutamate or glutamine into growth medium and checked root growth as well as glutamine level in Arabidopsis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exogenous Glutamate Inhibits the Root Growth and Increases the Glutamine Content in Arabidopsis thaliana

Kim

et al. 2009

J. Plant Biol.

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Previously, our work with ginseng hairy root shows that the tissue of low-branching and slow-growing phenotype contains high level of glutamine. In order to check if the high glutamine concentration inhibits the root growth, we applied exogenous glutamine or glutamate into growth medium and check the root growth of Arabidopsis. While glutamine did not affect root growth, over 0.1 mM glutamate inhibited severe root growth. However, when the amino acid solution was adjusted to pH 5.7 and added into medium, Arabidopsis seedlings show normal growth pattern on medium containing glutamate or aspartate. These results demonstrated that inhibition of the root growth by high concentration of exogenous glutamate was a result of the low pH toxicity caused by acidic amino acid, although low concentration (0.05 mM) of glutamate has an inhibitory effect on the primary root growth. The application of exogenous glutamine or glutamate increases glutamine concentration within root tissue about 3-to 4-fold. However, concentration of glutamate is not significantly increased. The KO mutant on each of the Gln1_1, Gln1_2, or Glu2 gene was little effective on the root growth. These results indicate that high concentration of endogenous glutamine observed in root tissue does not affect root growth.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Quantification Of Glutamine Contents From 1 H-nmr Spectroscomentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exogenous Glutamate Inhibits the Root Growth and Increases the Glutamine Content in Arabidopsis thaliana

Kim

et al. 2009

J. Plant Biol.

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“…Other studies such as Walch‐Liu et al (2006) provided evidence that Glu acted as an exogenous signal to modulate root growth and branching in Arabidopsis seedlings. In Korean ginseng, Gln plays an important role in root growth and phenotypes in hairy roots (Jung et al 2006). Plant metabolism pathways such as phenylpropanoid and nicotine synthesis were found to be regulated by nitrogen level and nitrogen deficiency, resulting in a significant shift from the nitrogen‐containing alkaloid nicotine to carbon‐rich phenylpropanoids (Fritz et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exogenous ammonium inhibits petal pigmentation and expansion in Gerbera hybrida

Huang

Liang

Peng

et al. 2008

Physiologia Plantarum

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Petal pigmentation is the most important aspect in natural flower coloration. In the present study, the inhibition of petal pigmentation by exogenous ammonium was investigated. Ray floret petals detached from inflorescences of Gerbera hybrida (Shenzhen No. 5) were cultured in vitro on media supplied with different forms of nitrogen and its assimilated compounds. The expression of a set of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis and regulation was determined by Northern blotting assay. It was found that ammonium (NH4+), not nitrate (NO3-), in millimolar concentrations inhibited anthocyanin accumulation. The expressions of Gerbera chalcone synthase 1 (GCHS1), Gerbera chalcone synthase 2 (GCHS2) and Gerbera dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (GDFR) decreased, while six other related genes showed no significant changes after NH4+ treatment. Further studies on NH4+ function indicated that glutamine (Gln) acted as a downstream factor of NH4+ to suppress petal pigmentation. Both exogenous Gln and NH4+ were found to inhibit anthocyanin accumulation in the petals, and the application of Gln was also found to inhibit the expressions of GCHS1, GCHS2 and GDFR. The application of NH4+ also resulted in an increase in the activity of Gerbera glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2) along with a rapid increase of Gln content. When methionine sulfoximine, an inhibitor of glutamine synthetase (GS), was added, it was found to block the NH4+-induced inhibition of pigmentation. From these experiments, we conclude that the NH4+-induced suppression of petal pigmentation is not because of NH4+ toxicity, and the inhibition of pigmentation caused by the addition of exogenous NH4+ is the result of its assimilation into Gln.

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“…1D), but not with 1 mg l -1 BA. Previously, we reported that glutamine accumulation inhibits root growth and lateral root formation in ginseng hairy roots (Jung et al 2006). Furthermore, high carbon/nitrogen ratios in culture medium are generally considered to favor the rooting potential of explants.…”

Section: Effects Of Various Auxins and Cytokinins On Metabolic Pattermentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic evaluation of cellular differentiation of tobacco leaf explants in response to plant growth regulators in tissue cultures using 1H NMR spectroscopy and multivariate analysis

Kim

Ahn

et al. 2011

Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult

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To investigate the metabolic changes that precede visible organogenesis in tissue culture, tobacco leaf explants were cultured on media supplemented with various plant growth regulators (PGRs) and analyzed with proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR) spectroscopy. Principal component analysis (PCA) of 1 H NMR spectral data was unable to differentiate between leaf explants cultured with a-naphthaleneacetic acid and those cultured with 6-benzyladenine after 4 days of culture; however, a difference was evident after 8 days of culture. A hierarchical dendrogram from PCA analysis could be grouping leaf explants cultured with various auxins separately from those treated by various cytokinins. However, leaf explants cultured with thidiazuron (TDZ) were identified as an outlier group; TDZ appeared to produce pleiotropic metabolic effects that differed from those induced by other PGRs. These results show that dedifferentiation can be initiated by either auxins or cytokinins, which is reflected by similar metabolic changes produced by the two distinct PGRs during the initial incubation period. The subsequent redifferentiation differs according to the PGR treatment, which is reflected by differential metabolic changes, depending on the fate of cells in organogenesis. Glutamine and glutamate levels increased approximately twofold in cytokinin-treated leaf explants compared with auxin-treated explants; however, changes in the levels of sugar compounds did not differ between the two treatments, demonstrating auxin regulation of the carbon/nitrogen ratio in favor of rooting. Taken together, our results suggest that 1 H-NMR spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis is a promising means for the metabolic evaluation of plant growth and differentiation.

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Glutamine accumulation inhibits root growth and lateral root formation in ginseng hairy roots

Cited by 13 publications

References 31 publications

Exogenous Glutamate Inhibits the Root Growth and Increases the Glutamine Content in Arabidopsis thaliana

Exogenous Glutamate Inhibits the Root Growth and Increases the Glutamine Content in Arabidopsis thaliana

Exogenous ammonium inhibits petal pigmentation and expansion in Gerbera hybrida

Metabolic evaluation of cellular differentiation of tobacco leaf explants in response to plant growth regulators in tissue cultures using 1H NMR spectroscopy and multivariate analysis

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