Glutamine and glutamate: Nonessential or essential amino acids?

Abstract

Glutamine and glutamate are not considered essential amino acids but they play important roles in maintaining growth and health in both neonates and adults. Although glutamine and glutamate are highly abundant in most feedstuffs there is increasing evidence that they may be limiting during pregnancy, lactation and neonatal growth, particularly when relatively low protein diets are fed. Supplementation of diets with glutamine, glutamate or both at 0.5 to 1.0% to both suckling and recently weaned piglets improves intestinal and immune function and results in better growth. In addition such supplementation to the sow prevents some of the loss of lean body mass during lactation, and increases milk glutamine content. However, a number of important questions related to physiological condition, species under study and the form and amount of the supplements need to be addressed before the full benefits of glutamine and glutamate supplementation in domestic animal production can be realized.

Phytochemical profile, nutraceutical potential and functional properties of Cucumis melo L. seeds

“…Dietary supplementation with glutamic acid improves intestinal and immune function, as well as energy production . Arginine holds great promise as a safe nutrient to reduce adiposity, increase muscle mass, and improve the metabolic profile . Aspartic acid is a precursor of such essential amino acids as asparagines, methionine, threonine, and lysine …”

“…36 Arginine holds great promise as a safe nutrient to reduce adiposity, increase muscle mass, and improve the metabolic profile. 37 Aspartic acid is a precursor of such essential amino acids as asparagines, methionine, threonine, and lysine. 38 The Maazoun melon seeds were therefore rich in substances with high added value.…”

l‐glutamine Improves Skeletal Muscle Cell Differentiation and Prevents Myotube Atrophy After Cytokine (TNF‐α) Stress Via Reduced p38 MAPK Signal Transduction

“…Importantly, high TNF‐α as a result of surgery, sepsis, burns injury, and cancer cachexia (Roth et al, ; Parry‐Billings et al, ; Bode et al, ; Calder and Yaqoob, ; Labow and Souba, ; Karinch et al, ) are associated with large reductions in the amino acid, glutamine, both in the circulation and from skeletal muscle stores. Glutamine is predominantly synthesized endogenously by skeletal muscle and therefore traditionally considered a “non‐essential” amino acid (Curthoys and Watford, ; Watford, ). However, due to its considerable depletion after inflammatory stress, glutamine has been termed a “conditionally essential” amino acid, as reviewed in Lacey and Wilmore ().…”

Meta-análisis del efecto de la inclusión alimenticia de glutamina sobre el desempeño productivo en lechones

“…Sin embargo, su uso está siendo limitado debido a la posible contribución de los antibióticos al desarrollo de líneas de bacterias resistentes a los antibióticos (Smith y col., 2010). La suplementación dietaria de glutamina disminuye los problemas de salud, previene la atrofia intestinal, mantiene el estatus antioxidante, disminuye la incidencia de diarreas, lo que resulta en un incremento de la ganancia de peso y mejora de la eficiencia alimenticia (Haynes y col., 2009;Zhong y col., 2011;Wang y col., 2014;Watford, 2015). También se han reportado resultados similares en pollos de engorde (Nassiri Moghaddam y Alizadeh-Ghamsari, 2013;Jazideh y col., 2014;Nascimento y col., 2014;Manvailer y col., 2015;Muro y col., 2015;Olubodun y col., 2015;Ribeiro Jr y col., 2015;Luquetti y col., 2016;Maiorka y col., 2016;Namroud y col., 2017).…”