Glutamine Synthetase: A Marker of an Astroglial Subpopulation in Primary Cultures of Defined Brain Areas

Fages, C.; Khelil, Maryam; Rolland, B.; Bridoux, Anne-Marie; Tardy, M.

doi:10.1159/000111955

Cited by 33 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Glutamine synthetase (Fig. 2D), an enzyme that converts glutamate to glutamine was expressed in some but not all horizontal astrocytes (Fages et al, 1988; (Seri et al, 2001). D cells have a very different ultrastructure to that of both types of astrocytes described above.…”

Section: Cell Types Of the Sgzmentioning

confidence: 84%

Cell types, lineage, and architecture of the germinal zone in the adult dentate gyrus

Seri

García‐Verdugo

Collado-Morente

et al. 2004

J of Comparative Neurology

568

602

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New neurons continue to be born in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus of adult mammals, including humans. Previous work has shown that astrocytes function as the progenitors of these new neurons through immature intermediate D cells. In the first part of the present study, we determined the structure of each of these progenitors and how they are organized in three dimensions. Serial-section reconstructions of the SGZ, using confocal and electron microscopy demonstrate that SGZ astrocytes form baskets that hold clusters of D cells, largely insulating them from the hilus. Two types of glial fibrillary acidic protein-expressing astrocytes (radial and horizontal) and three classes of doublecortin and PSA-NCAM-positive D cells (D1, D2, D3) were observed. Radial astrocytes appear to interact closely with clusters of D cells forming radial proliferative units. In the second part of this study, we show that retrovirally labeled radial astrocytes give rise to granule neurons. We also used bromodeoxyuridine and [3H]thymidine labeling to study the sequence of appearance of the different D cells after a 7-day treatment with anti-mitotics. This analysis, together with retroviral labeling data, suggest that radial astrocytes divide to generate D1 cells, which in turn divide once to form postmitotic D2 cells. D2 cells mature through a D3 stage to form new granule neurons. These observations provide a model of how the germinal zone of the adult hippocampus is organized and suggest a sequence of cellular stages in the generation of new granule neurons.

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Section: Cell Types Of the Sgzmentioning

confidence: 84%

Cell types, lineage, and architecture of the germinal zone in the adult dentate gyrus

Seri

García‐Verdugo

Collado-Morente

et al. 2004

J of Comparative Neurology

568

602

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“…This ABHD6 staining may in fact be glial in nature. To test this, we costained with glutamine synthetase, a marker for some astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (Norenberg and Martinez-Hernandez, 1979;Fages et al, 1988;Tansey et al, 1991). However, we found that ABHD6 and glutamine synthetase staining were mutually exclusive (Fig.…”

Section: Mgl Limits Duration Of Dse 1223mentioning

confidence: 98%

Monoacylglycerol Lipase Limits the Duration of Endocannabinoid-Mediated Depolarization-Induced Suppression of Excitation in Autaptic Hippocampal Neurons

Hu²,

et al. 2009

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Depolarization-induced suppression of excitation (DSE) is a major form of cannabinoid-mediated short-term retrograde neuronal plasticity and is found in numerous brain regions. Autaptically cultured murine hippocampal neurons are an architecturally simple model for the study of cannabinoid signaling, including DSE. The transient nature of DSE-tens of seconds-is probably determined by the regulated hydrolysis of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG). No less than five candidate enzymes have been considered to serve this role: fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL), and ␣/␤-hydrolase domain (ABHD) 6 and 12. We previously found that FAAH and COX-2 do not have a role in determining the duration of autaptic DSE. In the current study, we found that two structurally distinct inhibitors of MGL [N-arachidonoyl maleimide and 4-nitrophenyl 4-(dibenzo [d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl(hydroxy)methyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (JZL184)] prolong DSE in autaptic hippocampal neurons, whereas inhibition of ABHD6 by N-methyl-N-[[3-(4-pyridinyl) phenyl]methyl]-4Ј-(aminocarbonyl)[1,1Јbiphenyl]-4-yl ester, carbamic acid (WWL70) had no effect. In addition, we developed antibodies against MGL and ABHD6 and determined their expression in autaptic cultures. MGL is chiefly expressed at presynaptic terminals, optimally positioned to break down 2-AG that has engaged presynaptic CB 1 receptors. ABHD6 is expressed in two distinct locations on autaptic islands, including a prominent localization in some dendrites. In summary, we provide strong pharmacological and anatomical evidence that MGL regulates DSE in autaptic hippocampal neurons and, taken together with other studies, emphasizes that endocannabinoid signaling is terminated in temporally diverse ways.

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“…enzyme involved in the glutamate-glutamine cycle specific to astrocytes (Fages et al, 1988). Previous work has shown that GS is expressed in GFAP-expressing horizontal astrocytes within the SGL, but not in radial GFAP-expressing stem cells (Seri et al, 2004).…”

Section: Nestin-gfp Is Not Expressed In Reactive Astrocytes But Is Spmentioning

confidence: 98%

Hypoxic‐ischemic brain injury activates early hippocampal stem/progenitor cells to replace vulnerable neuroblasts

Miles

Kernie

2008

Hippocampus

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Although the phenomenon of ongoing neurogenesis in the hippocampus is well described, it remains unclear what relevance this has in terms of brain self-repair following injury. In a highly regulated developmental program, new neurons are added to the inner granular cell layer of the dentate gyrus (DG) where slowly dividing radial glial-like type 1 neural stem/progenitors (NSPs) give rise to rapidly proliferating type 2 neural progenitors which undergo selection and maturation into functional neurons. The induction of these early hippocampal progenitors after injury may represent an endogenous mechanism for brain recovery and remodeling. To determine what role early hippocampal progenitors play in remodeling following injury, we utilized a model of hypoxic-ischemic injury on young transgenic mice that express green fluorescent protein (GFP) specifically in neural progenitors. We demonstrate that this injury selectively activates programmed cell death in committed but immature neuroblasts, which is followed by proliferation of both early type 1 and later type 2 progenitors. This subsequently leads to newly generated neurons becoming stably incorporated into the DG.

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Glutamine Synthetase: A Marker of an Astroglial Subpopulation in Primary Cultures of Defined Brain Areas

Cited by 33 publications

References 17 publications

Cell types, lineage, and architecture of the germinal zone in the adult dentate gyrus

Cell types, lineage, and architecture of the germinal zone in the adult dentate gyrus

Monoacylglycerol Lipase Limits the Duration of Endocannabinoid-Mediated Depolarization-Induced Suppression of Excitation in Autaptic Hippocampal Neurons

Hypoxic‐ischemic brain injury activates early hippocampal stem/progenitor cells to replace vulnerable neuroblasts

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