Glutaraldehyde inactivation of enveloped DNA viruses in the preparation of haemoglobin-based oxygen carriers

Abstract

Glutaraldehyde (GA), used medically as a disinfectant and as a crosslinker for haemoglobin (Hb)-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs), was investigated for its ability to inactivate viruses during the preparation of these artificial blood substitutes. Porcine parvovirus (PPV; a non-enveloped DNA virus) and porcine pseudorabies virus (PRV; an enveloped DNA virus) were used as the virus indicators. Upon treatment with 0.1 mM GA, the titer of PRV decreased from 9.62 log to 2.62 log within 0.5 h, whereas that of PPV decreased from 7.00 log to 2.30 log in 5 h. Following treatment with 1.0 mM GA, the titer of PRV decreased from 11.00 log to 1.97 log within 0.5 h, whereas that of PPV decreased from 7.50 log to 3.43 log in 4.5 h. During the polymerization of Hb with GA, the GA concentration decreased to 1.0 and 0.1 mM within 30 and 50 min, respectively, at a GA:Hb molar ratio of 10:1, whereas at a GA:Hb molar ratio of 30:1, GA decreased to those same concentrations in 1.5 and 2.5 h, respectively. This rapid decrease in GA concentration during its polymerization with Hb indicates that GA must be added into the Hb solution in a short time in order to get as high a initial concentration as possible. In this study, the GA can only inactivate PRV effectively, given that a longer time (4.5 h) was required for it to inactivate the PPV titer. This study therefore demonstrates that GA inactivates the enveloped DNA virus only during the preparation of HBOCs.

"Characterization of Fixatives and their Application in Histopathology"

“…It has been reported that glutaraldehyde can also be used for inactivation of viruses [39,40]. Glutaraldehyde is the most efficient fixative for electron microscopy [41].…”

3D printed ceramics as solid supports for enzyme immobilization: an automated DoE approach for applications in continuous flow

“…This method has the advantage that it ensures stable protein attachment. However, glutaraldehyde is toxic and might even deactivate the enzyme [55]. Therefore, a different immobilization procedure (method 2) was chosen, also slightly modified from literature [52,53].…”

Inactivated and Immunogenic SARS-CoV-2 for Safe Use in Immunoassays and as an Immunization Control for Non-Clinical Trials

“…Furthermore, glutaraldehyde is commonly used to disinfect hospital supplies that cannot be treated with heat or high pressure. It has also been used to inactivate the hepatitis A virus, poliovirus, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 [ 6 , 18 , 19 , 20 ], and its use as a viral inactivator has also been demonstrated in preparations of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers [ 21 ]. Beta-propiolactone has emerged as a potent inactivating agent widely used in the manufacture of inactivated vaccines, including for SARS-CoV-2-approved vaccines [ 22 , 23 , 24 ], since it can preserve the structure and antigenicity of viral particles.…”