2022
DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101973
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Glutathione and Glutaredoxin in Redox Regulation and Cell Signaling of the Lens

Abstract: The ocular lens has a very high content of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) and the enzymes that can recycle its oxidized form, glutathione disulfide (GSSG), for further use. It can be synthesized in the lens and, in part, transported from the neighboring anterior aqueous humor and posterior vitreous body. GSH is known to protect the thiols of the structural lens crystallin proteins from oxidation by reactive oxygen species (ROS) so the lens can maintain its transparency for proper visual function. Age-relate… Show more

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Cited by 42 publications
(21 citation statements)
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“…To further test whether reducing ROS prevented axon degeneration, neurons were treated with two potent antioxidant agents that have been shown to inhibit ROS after neuronal stress; glutathione (GSH) [38] and mitoquinone (MitoQ) [12, 39]. As expected, treatment with GSH or MitoQ almost completely abolished vincristine-induced ROS generation in the axons after 24 hours (Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 79%
“…To further test whether reducing ROS prevented axon degeneration, neurons were treated with two potent antioxidant agents that have been shown to inhibit ROS after neuronal stress; glutathione (GSH) [38] and mitoquinone (MitoQ) [12, 39]. As expected, treatment with GSH or MitoQ almost completely abolished vincristine-induced ROS generation in the axons after 24 hours (Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 79%
“…The functions and activities of GSH as the main regulator of cellular redox status and redox signal transduction have been reviewed [ 17 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 119 ]. GSH acts protectively against oxidative stress by reacting directly with · NO, superoxide anion radical (O 2 · − ), H 2 O 2 , hydroxyl radical ( · OH), peroxinitrite anion (ONOO − ), and the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) [ 116 , 117 ].…”
Section: Glutathionementioning
confidence: 99%
“…Such reactions directly modify the cellular GSSG/2GSH half-cell potential, a physiological signaling event. Furthermore, changing the GSH level results in a selective change in the activity of the thioredoxin/glutathione systems [ 118 ], the glutaredoxin/glutathione system [ 119 ], and the activity of some GST isoforms. The latter protein family is involved not only in the metabolism of xenobiotics but also of endogenous compounds which play critical roles in regulating signaling pathways [ 120 , 121 , 122 ].…”
Section: Glutathionementioning
confidence: 99%
“…The lens of the eye is very vulnerable to oxidative damage from UV exposure, but has antioxidant defense systems, both non-enzymatic, such as glutathione and ascorbic acid and enzymatic, such as superoxide dismutase, that minimize damage [ 240 ]. UV damage to the lens of the eye is of particular concern, as phototoxic reactions in the outer epithelial cells and inner fiber membrane can cause light sensitivity and alter the refractive index of the lens material [ 238 ].…”
Section: Climate Changementioning
confidence: 99%