Glutathione and Sulfur Containing Amino Acids: Antioxidant and Conjugation Activities

Characterization of recombinant glutathione reductase from the psychrophilic Antarctic bacterium Colwellia psychrerythraea

“…Its role in replenishing pools of GSH is critical for maintaining a reducing environment within the cell (Huseby et al 2009). The active site of GR is a redox-active disulfide bond which receives electrons from the bound FAD cofactor.…”

Experimental colitis and malnutrition differentially affect the metabolism of glutathione and related sulfhydryl metabolites in different tissues

“…GSH reduces intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS)-it is regulated by the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase: the former catalyses the oxidation of GSH to glutathione disulphide (GSSG), while the latter reduces GSSG back to GSH [11]. GSH also plays an important role in the detoxification of xenobiotics, via conjugation with glutathione-S-transferase (GST) [12,13]. Each cell must synthesize all required GSH, as GSH cannot be imported from circulation-membrane-bound γ-glutamyl transferase produces cysteinylglycine (CYS-GLY) [14,15], which is subsequently hydrolysed to cysteine and glycine [16,17].…”

“…Colitis was confirmed after 5 days of DSS administration by the presence of occult blood in faeces using Hemoccult© testing system (Beckman Coulter, Mississauga, ON). On the final day of study, synthesis of GSH was determined in the fed state by a 5-h infusion of the stable isotope tracer [ 15 N, 13 C 2 ]glycine (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Andover, MA), Infusion rates were 75 μmol/kg/h, following a priming dose of 150 μmol/kg. Blood was sampled hourly to determine GSH synthesis and metabolite profile in red blood cells.…”

“…Methods Healthy, well-nourished piglets were compared to those receiving dextran sulphate sodium-induced, a macronutrient-restricted diet or both. The synthesis of GSH was determined by primed constant infusion of [ 15 N, 13 …”

Diet affects the redox system in developing Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae

“…For example, a more oxidised cellular environment favors the release of the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2act as electron buffers due to their ability to readily cycle between oxidised and reduced forms. The major cellular redox couples are reduced/oxidised glutathione (2GSH/GSSG), cysteine (2Cys/CySS) and thioredoxin (Trx(SH) 2 /TrxSS) [20]. The ratios and levels of 2GSH/GSSG is the most important cellular redox couple, and a common measure used to assess the cellular redox environment [16].…”