Glutathione as a depigmenting agent: an overview

Villarama, Clarissa D.; Maibach, Howard I.

doi:10.1111/j.1467-2494.2005.00235.x

Cited by 93 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…However, treatments with CC-EO and cinnamaldehyde resulted in a dose-dependent attenuation of the α-MSH-stimulated formation of cellular oxidants (Figure 4A,B). The GSH level is important for maintaining cellular redox status and plays an important role in the inhibition of melanogenesis [35]. Our data indicated that compared with unstimulated control cells, stimulation by α-MSH caused a 47% decrease in GSH levels ( p < 0.05); however, a dose-dependent recovery of α-MSH-reduced GSH levels was observed in the presence of CC-EO and cinnamaldehyde (Figure 4C,D).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 71%

Cinnamomum cassia Essential Oil Inhibits α-MSH-Induced Melanin Production and Oxidative Stress in Murine B16 Melanoma Cells

Chou

Chang

et al. 2013

IJMS

119

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Essential oils extracted from aromatic plants exhibit important biological activities and have become increasingly important for the development of aromatherapy for complementary and alternative medicine. The essential oil extracted from Cinnamomum cassia Presl (CC-EO) has various functional properties; however, little information is available regarding its anti-tyrosinase and anti-melanogenic activities. In this study, 16 compounds in the CC-EO have been identified; the major components of this oil are cis-2-methoxycinnamic acid (43.06%) and cinnamaldehyde (42.37%). CC-EO and cinnamaldehyde exhibited anti-tyrosinase activities; however, cis-2-methoxycinnamic acid did not demonstrate tyrosinase inhibitory activity. In murine B16 melanoma cells stimulated with α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), CC-EO and cinnamaldehyde not only reduced the melanin content and tyrosinase activity of the cells but also down-regulated tyrosinase expression without exhibiting cytotoxicity. Moreover, CC-EO and cinnamaldehyde decreased thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) levels and restored glutathione (GSH) and catalase activity in the α-MSH-stimulated B16 cells. These results demonstrate that CC-EO and its major component, cinnamaldehyde, possess potent anti-tyrosinase and anti-melanogenic activities that are coupled with antioxidant properties. Therefore, CC-EO may be a good source of skin-whitening agents and may have potential as an antioxidant in the future development of complementary and alternative medicine-based aromatherapy.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 71%

Cinnamomum cassia Essential Oil Inhibits α-MSH-Induced Melanin Production and Oxidative Stress in Murine B16 Melanoma Cells

Chou

Chang

et al. 2013

IJMS

119

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“…Its antimelanogenic properties result from a variety of mechanisms including stimulation of pheomelanin synthesis rather than darker eumelanin, its antioxidant effects,14 and interference with intracellular trafficking of melanogenic enzymes 15. Glutathione also possesses certain antiaging properties 16…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glutathione and its antiaging and antimelanogenic effects

Weschawalit¹,

Thongthip²,

Phutrakool³

et al. 2017

CCID

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BackgroundPrevious studies showed that supplementation of reduced form of glutathione (GSH, 500 mg/d) has a skin-lightening efficacy in humans. This study was designed to evaluate the influences of both GSH and oxidized form (GSSG), at doses lower than 500 mg/d, on improving skin properties.Patients and methodsA randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel, three-arm study was conducted. Healthy female subjects were equally randomized into three groups and took GSH (250 mg/d), GSSG (250 mg/d), or placebo orally for 12 weeks. At each visit at baseline and for 12 weeks, skin features including melanin index, wrinkles, and other relevant biophysical properties were measured. Blood samples were collected for safety monitoring.ResultsIn generalized estimating equation analyses, melanin index and ultraviolet spots of all sites including face and arm when given GSH and GSSG tended to be lower than placebo. At some sites evaluated, subjects who received GSH showed a significant reduction in wrinkles compared with those taking placebo. A tendency toward increased skin elasticity was observed in GSH and GSSG compared with placebo. There were no serious adverse effects throughout the study.ConclusionWe showed that oral glutathione, 250 mg/d, in both reduced and oxidized forms effectively influences skin properties. Overall, glutathione in both forms are well tolerated.

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“…Treatment with 20 μ g/mL VZ-EO decreased the α -MSH-stimulated MDA levels to a level that was almost the same as that observed in unstimulated cells. The level of GSH is important for maintaining the cellular redox status and plays an important role in the inhibition of melanogenesis [25]. Our data indicated that the GSH level in B16 cells was reduced by α -MSH treatment to only 43.7 nmol/mg protein.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 79%

Effect ofVetiveria zizanioidesEssential Oil on Melanogenesis in Melanoma Cells: Downregulation of Tyrosinase Expression and Suppression of Oxidative Stress

Peng

Lai

Lin

et al. 2014

The Scientific World Journal

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The major objective of this study was to estimate the hypopigmentation function of the essential oil from Vetiveria zizanioides (VZ-EO). Our results indicated that VZ-EO exhibits potent lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity to moderate the bleaching of β-carotene and to maintain the cellular glutathione (GSH) levels. VZ-EO can markedly decrease melanin production and tyrosinase activity in α-melanin-stimulating-hormone- (α-MSH-) stimulated B16 cells. The effect of VZ-EO on melanogenesis is achieved by the suppression of cellular tyrosinase expression. The results demonstrated that the activity of VZ-EO on melanogenesis might be the result of its potent antioxidative ability, which was reflected in the decreased cellular oxidant and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and the recovered activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and catalase (CAT) in α-MSH-stimulated B16 cells. The most abundant compound in VZ-EO is cedr-8-en-13-ol (12.4%), which has a strong capability to inhibit lipid peroxidation. Therefore, VZ-EO has the potential to become an ingredient in future hypopigmentation drugs, foods, and cosmetics.

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Glutathione as a depigmenting agent: an overview

Cited by 93 publications

References 49 publications

Cinnamomum cassia Essential Oil Inhibits α-MSH-Induced Melanin Production and Oxidative Stress in Murine B16 Melanoma Cells

Cinnamomum cassia Essential Oil Inhibits α-MSH-Induced Melanin Production and Oxidative Stress in Murine B16 Melanoma Cells

Glutathione and its antiaging and antimelanogenic effects

Effect ofVetiveria zizanioidesEssential Oil on Melanogenesis in Melanoma Cells: Downregulation of Tyrosinase Expression and Suppression of Oxidative Stress

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