Glutathione Participation in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) (such as occlusion of the coronary arteries, hypertensive heart diseases and strokes) are diseases that generate thousands of patients with a high mortality rate worldwide. Many of these cardiovascular pathologies, during their development, generate a state of oxidative stress that leads to a deterioration in the patient’s conditions associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Within these reactive species we find superoxide anion (O2•–), hydroxyl radical (•OH), nitric oxide (NO•), as well as other species of non-free radicals such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hypochlorous acid (HClO) and peroxynitrite (ONOO–). A molecule that actively participates in counteracting the oxidizing effect of reactive species is reduced glutathione (GSH), a tripeptide that is present in all tissues and that its synthesis and/or regeneration is very important to be able to respond to the increase in oxidizing agents. In this review, we will address the role of glutathione, its synthesis in both the heart and the liver, and its importance in preventing or reducing deleterious ROS effects in cardiovascular diseases.

Effect of vitamin D on oxidative stress and serum inflammatory factors in the patients with type 2 diabetes

“… 22 In addition, GSH deficiency leads to the progression of diabetes and the development of complications. 23 , 24 …”

“…22 In addition, GSH deficiency leads to the progression of diabetes and the development of complications. 23,24 Vitamin D is critical for maintaining homeostasis in T2DM patients. However, the effects of vitamin D in the treatment of T2DM in Southern Chinese people remain to be further investigated.…”

“…Meanwhile, long‐lasting hyperglycemia results in a low level of GSH 22 . In addition, GSH deficiency leads to the progression of diabetes and the development of complications 23,24 …”

Dipeptide Extract Modulates the Oxi-Antioxidant Response to Intense Physical Exercise

“…Nevertheless, dipeptides showed antioxidant activity by keeping a steady level of GSH t . The glutathione antioxidant system has been shown to play an important role in the maintenance of good health and in disease prevention [41]. GSH cannot be administered directly because two pharmaceutical problems have been observed: poor bioavailability with oral administration, and a short half-life (2 min) with intravenous administration [42].…”

Antioxidants as Therapeutic Agents in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Treatment—From Mice to Men

“…The mitochondria-targeted antioxidants are especially suitable when ROS are generated by the mitochondrial ETC and were found to improve VILI in mouse preclinical settings [ 181 ]. However, the most important endogenous compound in terms of antioxidant capacity is GSH [ 182 ]. This is also true in lung inflammation [ 183 ].…”