Glutathione Utilization in Lactobacillus fermentum CECT 5716

Abstract

Glutathione, a tripeptide antioxidant, has recently been shown to be either utilized or synthesized by Grampositive bacteria, such as lactic acid bacteria. Glutathione plays an important role in countering environmental stress, such as oxidative stress. In this study, cellular activity regarding glutathione in Lactobacillus fermentum CECT 5716 is characterized. We demonstrate that L. fermentum CECT 5716 has a better survival rate in the presence of glutathione under both oxidative and metal stress. As L. fermentum CECT 5716 does not possess the ability to synthesize glutathione under the conditions tested, it shows the ability to uptake both reduced and oxidized glutathione from the environment, regenerate reduced glutathione from oxidized glutathione, and perform secretion of glutathione to the environment.

Metabolism Characteristics of Lactic Acid Bacteria and the Expanding Applications in Food Industry

“…Limosilactobacillus fermentum CECT 5716 (Surya et al, 2018) Streptococcus thermophilus (Qiao et al, 2018) Mutant strain Fructilactobacillus sanfranciscensis DSM20451 gshR lacking the glutathione reductase gene Increase dough rheology; promote the hydrolysis of egg white protein; improve the acid resistance of lactic acid bacteria Latilactobacillus sakei and Fructilactobacillus sanfranciscensis (Loponen et al, 2008) Fructilactobacillus sanfranciscensis (Xu et al, 2018) Ligilactobacillus salivarius (Lee et al, 2010) Enterococcus faecalis, Lactococcus lactis can hydrolyze agmatine into putrescine, NH 3 , CO 2 and ATP through the AgDI pathway, which increases the pH of the cytoplasm (Papadimitriou et al, 2016). In Streptococcus thermophilus, the metabolism of arginine relieves the decrease of intracellular pH by consuming protons and generating NH 3 (Huang et al, 2016).…”

“…Although Limosilactobacillus fermentum CECT 5716 cannot synthesize glutathione, it can convert oxidized glutathione taken from the environment into reduced glutathione. This also promotes the release of glutathione to the environment ( Surya et al, 2018 ). As an additive, glutathione makes outstanding contributions to increase dough rheology ( Loponen et al, 2008 ) and promote the hydrolysis of egg white protein ( Loponen et al, 2008 ).…”

Pseudomonas aeruginosa Presents Multiple Vital Changes in Its Proteome in the Presence of 3-Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid, a Promising Antimicrobial Agent

“…Gor protein protects the cell from oxidative stress with the detoxification of peroxidases using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). 69 It would not be surprising to think that the nondetection of Gor could be lethal due to restraining the NADPH recycling for the pentose phosphate pathway, thereby causing problems in energy metabolism. 70 However, it was shown that E. coli with gor mutations could maintain the healthy growth and had enough reduced glutathione.…”

The Therapeutic Role of Exercise and Probiotics in Stressful Brain Conditions

“…A strain selected in these early studies, Limosilactobacillus fermentum (formerly Lactobacillus fermentum ) strain ME3 (DSM14241), was reported to improve markers of oxidative stress, such as total antioxidative activity (TAC) or glutathione red/ox ratio in healthy volunteers [ 264 ]. These results prompted later studies with this and other strains of lactobacilli [ 265 ], demonstrating the ability of some of these microorganisms to uptake and reduce the oxidised glutathione from the environment, contributing to the GSH/GSSG balance [ 263 , 266 ]. Moreover, these observations promoted the study of the application of antioxidant lactobacilli in different conditions, with positive results in the reduction of inflammation and myeloperoxidase activity in an animal model of induced colitis [ 267 ] or, more recently, the improvement of vascular endothelial damage in a model of chronic nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibition [ 268 ].…”

“…Moreover, these observations promoted the study of the application of antioxidant lactobacilli in different conditions, with positive results in the reduction of inflammation and myeloperoxidase activity in an animal model of induced colitis [ 267 ] or, more recently, the improvement of vascular endothelial damage in a model of chronic nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibition [ 268 ]. Different mechanisms have been proposed for these effects of lactobacilli administration, including the ability to reduce glutathione or to produce enzymes such as feruloyl esterases able to release antioxidant hydroxycinnamic acids from undigested dietary compounds [ 263 , 266 , 269 ]. In addition to the abovementioned mechanisms, the bacterial metabolites, mainly SCFA, may also play a role.…”