Glycaemic profile in the second and third trimesters of normal pregnancy compared to non-pregnant adult females

Nigam, Aruna; Varun, Neha; Sharma, Sumedha; Munjal, Y P; Prakash, Anupam

doi:10.1177/1753495x18807549

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…This report agrees with that of Nigam et al which revealed a significant decrease in blood glucose levels in women who were in their second and third trimesters of pregnancy compared to that of the non-pregnant women; this may be so because the dynamics of glucose during pregnancy is altered and physiologic adaptation occurs throughout gestation to ensure adequate transfer of glucose to the fetus for proper development. 8 However, the report obtained from this study disagrees with that of Nwaoguikpe and Uwakwe which stated a rise in plasma glucose concentration as the gestational period increased, and this may be attributed to the presence of gestational diabetes (induced by some placental hormones) in the pregnant women they used in their study. 9 Also, the results reveal that the plasma chromium concentration increased significantly in the third trimester of the pregnancy.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 89%

The effect of gestational periods on fasting lipid profile, plasma glucose and chromium levels of apparently healthy pregnant women in Port-Harcourt, Nigeria

Ibama

Ngowari

Nyebuchi

et al. 2022

Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol

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Background: Pregnancy is a physiological condition in which the uterus of a woman carries at least one embryo for about 38 weeks, from conception to delivery; during this period, several physiological changes in biochemical and haematological functions occur. Knowledge of these changes however, may be helpful in providing effective care for pregnant women; hence this study was aimed at evaluating the effect of gestational periods on lipid profile, plasma glucose and chromium levels of apparently healthy pregnant women in Port-Harcourt, Nigeria.Methods: A total of 200 apparently healthy women were used for the study; 150 of them were pregnant (50 in the first trimester, 50 in the second trimester, and 50 in the third trimester), and the remaining 50 women were not pregnant. They were divided into four (4) groups; group I (control group) consists of 50 non-pregnant women, group II consists of 50 pregnant women in their first trimester, group III consists of 50 pregnant women in their second trimester, while group IV consists of 50 pregnant women in their third trimester. About 8 ml of fasting venous blood was collected from the antecubital fossa of each subject; 3 ml was dispensed into a fluoride oxalate anticoagulant bottle for the determination of plasma glucose concentration. The remaining 5 ml was dispensed into a lithium heparin-anticoagulant bottle for the determination of chromium and lipid profile. The data were analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey multiple comparison test.Results: The results showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in glucose levels in the third trimester (group IV) of pregnancy compared to the non-pregnant group (control/group I), and a significant increase in chromium levels in the third trimester (group IV) compared to the non-pregnant group (control/group I), first trimester (group II) and second trimester (group III). Also, plasma triglyceride levels were significantly elevated in the second and third trimesters compared to the non-pregnant group and first trimester. Similarly, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were significantly elevated in the second trimester compared to the non-pregnant group and first trimester, and in the third trimester compared to the non-pregnant group. Contrarily however, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels significantly decreased in the second and third trimesters compared to the non-pregnant group and first trimester, but no significant difference in total cholesterol when all the groups were compared.Conclusions: These findings revealed increased levels of chromium, which may be responsible for the decreased glucose levels in the third trimester. Also, this study revealed that pregnancy had no effect on the total cholesterol levels. However, an upsurge in triglyceride and LDL levels was noted in pregnancy, specifically in the second and third trimesters, whereas a down surge in HDL was noted in the second and third trimesters. The results show good glucose control, but with dyslipidaemia which is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases especially arteriosclerosis.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 89%

The effect of gestational periods on fasting lipid profile, plasma glucose and chromium levels of apparently healthy pregnant women in Port-Harcourt, Nigeria

Ibama

Ngowari

Nyebuchi

et al. 2022

Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol

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“…The daily pattern and glucose pattern reports were downloaded using the Freestyle Libre Pro Software for desktop (Abbott). Flash glucose sensors have been previously used with pregnant populations to assess glycemic profile and glycemic variation during the second and third trimesters of nondiabetic individuals (Nigam et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycemic response to acute high‐intensity interval versus moderate‐intensity continuous exercise during pregnancy

Wowdzia

Hazell

Davenport

2022

Physiological Reports

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The present study investigated the glycemic response to an acute high‐intensity interval training (HIIT) session (10 one‐minute intervals ≥90% HRmax interspersed with one‐minute of active recovery) versus a moderate‐intensity continuous training (MICT) session (30 min at 64%–76% HRmax) during pregnancy. Twenty‐four normoglycemic females with a singleton pregnancy (27.8 ± 4.7 weeks of gestation, 31.5 ± 4.1 years of age, body mass index: 25.2 ± 11.3) participated in a randomized crossover design study. A flash glucose monitor and accelerometer were worn continuously for 7 days recording glycemic response, physical activity, and sleep. Nutritional intake and enjoyment of the exercise were self‐reported. Average heart rate during exercise was higher for HIIT (82 ± 4% HRmax) compared with MICT (74 ± 4% HRmax; p < 0.001) and participants achieved a peak heart rate of 92 ± 3% during HIIT (range 85%–97% HRmax) compared with 81 ± 4% during MICT (p < 0.001). The change in glucose values from pre‐to‐postexercise were not different between conditions (HIIT: −0.62 ± 1.00 mmol/L; MICT: −0.81 ± 1.05 mmol/L; p = 0.300) with the exception that fewer individuals experienced postexercise hypoglycemia immediately following HIIT compared with MICT (8% versus 33% respectively; p = 0.041). Other glucose variables was not different between exercise protocols. Physical activity (p = 0.07) and caloric intake did not differ (p = 0.10). The majority of participants preferred HIIT (87.5%) and had greater perceived enjoyment compared to MICT (HIIT: 7.8 ± 1.5; MICT: 6.6 ± 2.0; p = 0.015). Sleep duration was 52 ± 73 min longer after participating in HIIT compared with the night prior (main effect for time p = 0.017); no significant changes for MICT. Overall, an acute session of HIIT appears to be well tolerated and demonstrates no adverse effects on maternal glycemic response.

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“…To understand these results, one needs to keep in mind that the mechanisms driving insulin resistance in a healthy pregnancy, as well as in a pregnancy complicated by hyperglycemia, are complex and differ from the non-pregnant scenario. [ 26 ] Cousins et al have performed a longitudinal study to quantify the progressive effects of the second and third trimesters of normal pregnancy on the levels of plasma glucose and insulin and to compare it with non-pregnant controls. During pregnancy, the peak anabolic values for both plasma glucose and insulin were significantly increased and consequently, the 2-hour postprandial glucose and insulin levels were significantly elevated after meal ingestion and higher compared to non-pregnant controls.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of normal and pathological OGTTs among pregnant population and non-pregnant women with PCOS – the cross-sectional study

Gojnić-Dugalić

Stefanović

et al. 2021

Medicine

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Both pregnancy, as physiological, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), as a pathological condition, carry the risk for developing glucose metabolism abnormalities. In this retrospective cross-sectional study, we hypothesized that pregnancy as a physiological condition carries a higher likelihood for abnormal oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results than PCOS as a pathological condition. We have compared the prevalence and likelihood ratios for abnormal OGTT results between non-pregnant women with PCOS (Group A) and pregnant women at 24 to 28 weeks of gestation (Group B). Participants of both study groups underwent glucose tolerance testing with 75 g glucose OGTT. During the study period, 7411 women were tested, 3932 women encompassed Group A, and 3479 women comprised Group B. The numbers of yearly tested pregnant women and the corresponding proportion of tested women among all study participants have decreased during the study period, from 766 to 131 and 89.1% to 20.5%, respectively. Group A had a significantly lower prevalence (4.4%) of pathological OGTT results compared to Group B (8.1%). This has resulted in a 45.427 likelihood ratio ( P < .001) for abnormal OGTT results in pregnant women compared to non-pregnant women with PCOS. We might conclude that pregnancy could have a more challenging influence on glucose metabolism and that carries higher risks for abnormal glucose metabolism than PCOS. The awareness of obstetricians regarding physiological changes during pregnancy that predisposes abnormal glucose metabolism is decreasing over time and the compliance concerning OGTT testing of pregnant women is decreasing too.

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Glycaemic profile in the second and third trimesters of normal pregnancy compared to non-pregnant adult females

Cited by 10 publications

References 26 publications

The effect of gestational periods on fasting lipid profile, plasma glucose and chromium levels of apparently healthy pregnant women in Port-Harcourt, Nigeria

The effect of gestational periods on fasting lipid profile, plasma glucose and chromium levels of apparently healthy pregnant women in Port-Harcourt, Nigeria

Glycemic response to acute high‐intensity interval versus moderate‐intensity continuous exercise during pregnancy

Distribution of normal and pathological OGTTs among pregnant population and non-pregnant women with PCOS – the cross-sectional study

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