ReviewTargeting the immune system Dendritic cells (DCs) play crucial roles in promoting and regulating immune defenses, providing important targets for prophylactic and therapeutic approaches (FiguRe 1). Particulate formulations, including liposomes and other nanoparticles, have been employed as delivery vehicles. Despite the large number of reports, current in-depth knowledge on the cellular processes involved remains relatively limited, particularly for nucleic acid delivery. Certain structures in the nucleic acid may also signal the cell in the sense of an adjuvant or immunomodulatory activity. Importantly, the optimized characteristics for delivery of an antigen or therapeutic agent may be distinct from those for nucleic acid delivery, especially RNA species. Moreover, RNA delivery for interference therapy will not necessarily require the same delivery routes as mRNA delivery wherein RNA translation is the main requisite.The efficacy of delivery can be further improved by targeting the appropriate cells of the immune system, an area in which nanoparticle-based delivery platforms have found an important niche [1]. Advances with prophylactic applications can also prove valuable for therapeutic applications and vice versa, as seen with RNA delivery. This review will consider how growing knowledge on delivery mechanisms has found application with nucleic acids, in both prophylaxis and therapy, focusing on interaction with DCs.The initial components of the DC endocytic pathways are critically important in determining how the cell handles the delivered material; thereafter, correct cytosolic delivery is a critical element for a number of desired outcomes, including delivery of nucleic acids. Advances made with protein delivery -in particular, vaccines -are of value to highlight the potential of a particular mode of application or the high risk for nucleic acid integrity. Particularly pertinent is the application of cationic elements in the delivery mechanisms and how application of ligands for cell receptors influence intracellular compartmentalization.It is not the aim of the present review to retrace all the fine details of work contributing to our current knowledge. Accordingly, review articles covering areas that have already received considerable attention will be employed and assimilated to provide a more elaborate picture of the current situation. This will allow a focusing on more recent advances, along with problems and pitfalls therein. While advances on protein and DNA delivery will be presented, these will be used to highlight how our current knowledge can be applied to RNA delivery. There are numerous reviews on protein delivery to DC, wherein many of the procedures employed are not relevant for RNA delivery, which must escape into the cytosol undamaged. With DNA delivery, there is also the question of whether the DNA will activate the DC or reach the nucleus for transcription; this latter area has most often Functional RNA delivery targeted to dendritic cells by synthetic nanoparticles Dendritic cell...