Glycemic index, glycemic load, dietary insulin index, and dietary insulin load in relation to cardiometabolic risk factors among participants with atherosclerosis: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

Background We examined the cross-sectional associations of dietary Glycemic Index (GI), Glycemic Load (GL), Dietary Insulin Index (DII), and Dietary Insulin Load (DIL) with cardiovascular disease (CVD) factors in subjects with atherosclerosis. Methods The present cross-sectional study was conducted on subjects with atherosclerosis. Regular dietary intake was assessed using a 168-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and GI, GL, DIL, and DII were also calculated. Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) were estimated for general and central obesity according to the GI, GL, DII, and DIL. Results According to the continuous score of GL, there was a significant positive association between GL and central obesity for women in all models. Regarding the association between DIL score and biochemical variables, there was a significant positive association between Na and Aspartate transaminase (AST) with DII. Moreover, there was a significant positive association between LDL-c(p = 0.03) and AST (p = 0.04)with DIL score in all 3 models. Conclusion In this study, GL was associated with greater odds of central obesity in women, but not in men. Neither dietary DII nor DIL was associated with BMI and central obesity. GI, GL, DII, and DIL were significantly associated with some CVD risk biomarkers in subjects with atherosclerosis.

Assessing the predictive value of insulin resistance indices for metabolic syndrome risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

“…Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters. Waist circumference (WC) was measured at the narrowest point of the torso with a precision of 0.5 cm, while hip circumference (HC) was assessed at the most prominent part of the hip area using a tape measure 56 – 58 . Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) was computed by dividing WC by HC.…”

Are dietary factors associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease?

“…Odds ratios for Q2 (OR, 0.22; 95% CI [0.06–0.81]), Q3 (OR, 0.23; 95% CI [0.06–0.85]), and Q4 (OR, 0.25; 95% CI [0.07–0.95]) showed relationships between DGI and obesity in the present study. A recent previous study showed an association between DGL and an increased likelihood of obesity in women, while no such association was found in men among participants with atherosclerosis ( Behbahani et al, 2023 ).…”

“…The dietary insulin index (DII) and dietary insulin load (DIL) represent dynamic parameters that reflect the postprandial insulin response to foods that consumed ( Behbahani et al, 2023 ). The DII is defined as a direct measure of the postprandial insulin response to a test food, comparing it to an isoenergetic portion of a reference food (similar to the glycemic index, using either glucose or white bread).…”