Glycinebetaine protects plants against abiotic stress: mechanisms and biotechnological applications

Chen, Tony H. H.; Murata, Norio

doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02232.x

Cited by 611 publications

(372 citation statements)

References 131 publications

(217 reference statements)

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“…Titration. All experiments were performed in the presence of betaine, a natural osmolyte, at pH 7.0, because it has previously been shown that PS II preparations are more stable in the presence of 1 M glycine betaine (12,(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43). Details of the physiological conditions used for various species are summarized in SI Materials and Methods, Figs.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Redox potentials of primary electron acceptor quinone molecule (Q _A ) ⁻ and conserved energetics of photosystem II in cyanobacteria with chlorophyll a and chlorophyll d

Allakhverdiev

Watabe

Kojima

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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In a previous study, we measured the redox potential of the primary electron acceptor pheophytin (Phe) a of photosystem (PS) II in the chlorophyll d-dominated cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina and a chlorophyll a-containing cyanobacterium, Synechocystis. We obtained the midpoint redox potential (E m ) values of −478 mV for A. marina and −536 mV for Synechocystis. In this study, we measured the redox potentials of the primary electron acceptor quinone molecule (Q A ), i. ) of A. marina was determined to be +64 mV without the Mn cluster and was estimated to be −66 to −86 mV with a Mn-depletion shift (130-150 mV), as observed with other organisms. The E m (Phe a/Phe a − ) in Synechocystis was measured to be −525 mV with the Mn cluster, which is consistent with our previous report. The Mn-depleted downshift of the potential was measured to be approximately −77 mV in Synechocystis, and this value was applied to A. marina (−478 mV); the E m (Phe a/Phe a − ) was estimated to be approximately −401 mV. These values gave rise to a ΔG PhQ of −325 mV for A. marina and −383 mV for Synechocystis. In the two cyanobacteria, the energetics in PS II were conserved, even though the potentials of Q A − and Phe a − were relatively shifted depending on the special pair, indicating a common strategy for electron transfer in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms.photosynthesis | photochemical reaction C hlorophylls (Chls) are key pigments for photosynthesis, and oxygenic photosynthetic organisms containing Chls are found all over the world-they sustain all terrestrial life through the primary production of organic molecules and the production of oxygen. Chl a and its derivatives, pheophytin (Phe) a and Chl a epimer (Chl a′), are used as the electron transfer components in photosystem (PS) II and PS I, respectively, except for in two taxonomic groups, marine cyanobacteria Prochlorococcus spp. containing divinyl-Chl a (1) and marine cyanobacteria Acaryochloris spp. containing Chl d (2). Consequently, experimental and theoretical analyses of the electron transfer system in oxygenic photosynthesis have been exclusively performed in Chl a-containing organisms, and the basic concept of the photosynthetic electron flow has been constructed on the basis of Chl a. However, our understanding of photosynthetic electron transfer is not yet complete because the reaction systems with divinyl-Chl a and Chl d have not been fully analyzed as yet.Since the discovery of Chl d in Acaryochloris marina in 1996 (3, 4), questions have arisen on the whether the electron transfer system in this organism is significantly different from those with Chl a. Interestingly, the functional "special pair" are Chl d molecules in the reaction centers of PS I and II in A. marina (5, 6); however, in PS II, Phe a is the primary electron acceptor. Chl d gains light energy at longer wavelengths and with a lowered redox potential, by ∼80 mV, compared with that of Chl a in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (hereafter referred to as Synechocystis) and spinach (7-11). However, the overall ...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Redox potentials of primary electron acceptor quinone molecule (Q _A ) ⁻ and conserved energetics of photosystem II in cyanobacteria with chlorophyll a and chlorophyll d

Allakhverdiev

Watabe

Kojima

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…GB is one of the most studied compatible compound for abiotic stress tolerance due to its versatile function. Several studies have shown that level of GB is increased in naturally accumulating plants under stressful conditions [3]. It also protects plants against various stresses and also protects quaternary structure of proteins, various enzymes and other macromolecules involved in disease protection [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycine betaine mediated disease resistance against Sclerospora graminicola in Pearl Millet

2017

J App Biol Biotech

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The present findings on Glycine betaine provides significant perception on the dynamics of pearl millet by activating the host defense responses during its interaction with the pathogen. Glycine betaine treatment to seeds at 30 mg ml -1 concentration for 6 h significantly enhanced the seed germination and seedling vigor of pearl millet in comparison with the control. Significant inhibition of sporangial sporulation, zoospore release and motility was observed at 30 mg ml -1 , even though it failed to exhibit complete inhibition in all the concentrations tested. TTC assay confirmed the declined release of sporangiospores from sporangia by inhibiting the viability of sporangiospores. Inducer treated seedlings recorded an early and increased hypersensitive response as a reaction to Sclerospora graminicola inoculation compared to untreated. The effect of Glycine betaine was tested by seed treatment alone, seed treatment + foliar application and foliar application alone. Significant inhibition of disease control was noticed in seed treatment followed by foliar application with 19.2% disease incidence at 30 mg ml -1 . Spatio-temporal studies indicated that seed treatment with Glycine betaine increased disease protection three days after inoculation. With these results, Glycine betaine has been shown to be an effective compound for the control of downy mildew disease in pearl millet.

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“…(A) This pathway, which is encoded by a DNGP, produces a reactive toxic IC, betaine aldehyde, during the conversion of choline to betaine. Betaine can reach high concentrations during osmotic stress, an indication of substantial flux that must be regulated to match environmental conditions (48). Betaine aldehyde toxicity is indicated by its use as an alternative to antibiotics for selection of transformants in plant species that lack the pathway (22).…”

Section: Phytophthora Infestansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical linkage of metabolic genes in fungi is an adaptation against the accumulation of toxic intermediate compounds

McGary

Slot

Rokas

2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Genomic analyses have proliferated without being tied to tangible phenotypes. For example, although coordination of both gene expression and genetic linkage have been offered as genetic mechanisms for the frequently observed clustering of genes participating in fungal metabolic pathways, elucidation of the phenotype(s) favored by selection, resulting in cluster formation and maintenance, has not been forthcoming. We noted that the cause of certain well-studied human metabolic disorders is the accumulation of toxic intermediate compounds (ICs), which occurs when the product of an enzyme is not used as a substrate by a downstream neighbor in the metabolic network. This raises the hypothesis that the phenotype favored by selection to drive gene clustering is the mitigation of IC toxicity. To test this, we examined 100 diverse fungal genomes for the simplest type of cluster, gene pairs that are both metabolic neighbors and chromosomal neighbors immediately adjacent to each other, which we refer to as "double neighbor gene pairs" (DNGPs). Examination of the toxicity of their corresponding ICs shows that, compared with chromosomally nonadjacent metabolic neighbors, DNGPs are enriched for ICs that have acutely toxic LD 50 doses or reactive functional groups. Furthermore, DNGPs are significantly more likely to be divergently oriented on the chromosome; remarkably, ∼40% of these DNGPs have ICs known to be toxic. We submit that the structure of synteny in metabolic pathways of fungi is a signature of selection for protection against the accumulation of toxic metabolic intermediates.gene cluster | gene orientation | inborn error of metabolism | secondary metabolism | specialized metabolism T here is a critical distinction between selection for a trait, which occurs at the phenotypic level, and selection of the underlying molecular genetic mechanisms that generate the trait (1). For example, some butterfly species avoid predation by mimicking the wing-pattern morphs of other butterflies that are toxic to birds (2, 3). In this case, predation avoidance selects for specific wing-pattern morphs, resulting in the selection of specific allelic combinations of genes in a supergene locus (4).The rise of molecular biology and subsequent abundance of genomic data have shifted the focus from phenotypes to genotypes, blurring the distinction between selection for and selection of. For example, many studies indicate that selection has sculpted the order and orientation of genes in eukaryotic genomes (5-13); although these analyses convincingly argue that specific genetic mechanisms are important in fine-tuning the structure of synteny on chromosomes, they implicitly assume that it is the genetic mechanisms themselves, rather than organismal phenotypes, that selection targets.One of the most conspicuous characteristics of fungal genomes is that the genes participating in a metabolic pathway are often physically linked, or clustered. Although both coordination of gene expression (5,6,(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16) and genetic linkage (7, 17) h...

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Glycinebetaine protects plants against abiotic stress: mechanisms and biotechnological applications

Cited by 611 publications

References 131 publications

Redox potentials of primary electron acceptor quinone molecule (Q _A ) ⁻ and conserved energetics of photosystem II in cyanobacteria with chlorophyll a and chlorophyll d

Redox potentials of primary electron acceptor quinone molecule (Q _A ) ⁻ and conserved energetics of photosystem II in cyanobacteria with chlorophyll a and chlorophyll d

Glycine betaine mediated disease resistance against Sclerospora graminicola in Pearl Millet

Physical linkage of metabolic genes in fungi is an adaptation against the accumulation of toxic intermediate compounds

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Glycinebetaine protects plants against abiotic stress: mechanisms and biotechnological applications

Cited by 611 publications

References 131 publications

Redox potentials of primary electron acceptor quinone molecule (Q A ) − and conserved energetics of photosystem II in cyanobacteria with chlorophyll a and chlorophyll d

Redox potentials of primary electron acceptor quinone molecule (Q A ) − and conserved energetics of photosystem II in cyanobacteria with chlorophyll a and chlorophyll d

Glycine betaine mediated disease resistance against Sclerospora graminicola in Pearl Millet

Physical linkage of metabolic genes in fungi is an adaptation against the accumulation of toxic intermediate compounds

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Redox potentials of primary electron acceptor quinone molecule (Q _A ) ⁻ and conserved energetics of photosystem II in cyanobacteria with chlorophyll a and chlorophyll d

Redox potentials of primary electron acceptor quinone molecule (Q _A ) ⁻ and conserved energetics of photosystem II in cyanobacteria with chlorophyll a and chlorophyll d