Glycogen&amp;ndash;gold nanohybrid escalates the potency of silymarin

Kandimalla, Raghuram; Dash, Suvakanta; Bhowal, Ashim Chandra; Kalita, Sanjeeb; Talukdar, Narayan Chandra; Kundu, Sarathi; Kotoky, Jibon

doi:10.2147/ijn.s142497

Cited by 20 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Similar silver nanoparticle‐coated glycogen particles have been developed with antimicrobial properties . In a study by Kandimalla et al glycogen‐gold nanohybrids were fabricated to enhance the therapeutic potency of the hepatoprotective agent silymarin by improving its solubility and gut permeation in Wistar rats. The nanohybrids provided significant protection against CCl 4 ‐induced hepatic injury.…”

Section: Glycogen As a Building Block Of Nanostructured Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…D–G) Field‐emission scanning electron microscopy images of red blood cells (6–8 µm) treated with distilled water (D), saline (E), silymarin‐tethered AuNPs (F), and silymarin‐tethered AuNPs aggregated within glycogen (G). D–G) Reproduced with permission . Copyright 2017, The Authors, published by Dove Medical Press Limited.…”

Section: Glycogen As a Building Block Of Nanostructured Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Glycogen as a Building Block for Advanced Biological Materials

2019

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complex drug delivery systems that are challenging to scale up and therefore have limited clinical and commercial translation. Although numerous nanoparticles have been widely developed and used for various applications, including biomedical applications, [2] there is a growing interest in nontoxic and degradable alternatives to first-generation synthetic nanomaterials. Ideally the synthesis of such nanoparticles needs to be cost effective, simple, green, reproducible, scalable, and the constitutive building blocks of the nanoparticles should be nontoxic, functional, biodegradable, and available on a large scale. Naturally occurring nanoparticles could be such a valid alternative. These nanoparticles include intracellular structures, such as magnetosomes [3] and glycogen, and extracellular assemblies such as lipoproteins and viruses. [3] Among these, glycogen is the most abundant and versatile biological nanoparticle, which fulfils the requirements for the fabrication of nanostructured biomaterials. Glycogen is nature's prime nanoparticle that exists in most organisms, from bacteria and archaea to humans, [4,5] as a vital component of the cellular energy machinery. It is a highly branched polysaccharide comprising repeating units of glucose connected by linear α-d-(1,4) glycosidic linkages with α-d-(1,6) branching, structured into roughly spherical nanoparticles that have a high water solubility and molecular weight.The use of polysaccharides as components for advanced materials has been an attractive concept for decades. [6,7] A key motive is that polysaccharides, as a natural biomaterial, are endowed with a level of biodegradability and biocompatibility. In addition, they can be easily modified chemically or biochemically to produce functional derivatives, which are important for various therapeutic applications. [8] The structures of polysaccharides vary considerably but span from linear to highly branched polymers with molecular weights ranging from thousands to millions, composed of mono-or disaccharides, or short-chain oligomers bound together by glycosidic linkages. [9] There is a rich history of research on the use of polysaccharides in a range of therapeutic applications including: i) soft tissue engineering, [10,11] where the materials can be designed to mimic the mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix in the tissue; ii) as drug, protein, or gene delivery systems, [7,12,13] where polysaccharides have a large number of reactive groups [14] that allow for tunable properties [12] such as pH-responsiveness; [15] and iii) as nanoprobes for cellular Biological nanoparticles found in living systems possess distinct molecular architectures and diverse functions. Glycogen is a unique biological polysaccharide nanoparticle fabricated by nature through a bottom-up approach. The biocatalytic synthesis of glycogen has evolved over time to form a nanometer-sized dendrimer-like structure (20-150 nm) with a highly branched surface and a dense core. This makes glycogen markedly different from other natur...

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Section: Glycogen As a Building Block Of Nanostructured Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Glycogen As a Building Block Of Nanostructured Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycogen as a Building Block for Advanced Biological Materials

2019

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“…Nrf2, which is retained with Kelch‐like erythroid cell‐derived protein 1 (Keap1) in the cytoplasm of the cell, is released from the complex under conditions of OS (also referred to as electrophilic stress) and is activated. Nrf2 then translocates to the nucleus and binds to the ARE . This binding causes the downstream activation of HO‐1 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nrf2 then translocates to the nucleus and binds to the ARE. 57,58 This binding causes the downstream activation of HO-1. 59 The present study stated enhanced nuclear accumulation of Nrf2 by triptolide in the case of reperfused hepatic tissue.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combination of metformin and luteolin synergistically protects carbon tetrachloride‐induced hepatotoxicity: Mechanism involves antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and Nrf2/HO‐1 signaling pathway

Yang¹,

Yang²,

Jiangmei³

2019

BioFactors

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Liver diseases are one of the fatal disorders due to the vital role of the liver. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is the most perceived chemical substance utilized in developing models of hepatic damage. Metformin (Met) is a potent antidiabetic and redox modulatory agent that has shown anticancer and protective effects on various organs. Therefore, addition of therapy with natural antioxidative agents or herbal extracts shows defensive impacts against different injuries inside the body. Luteolin (Lut) can be found in several customary Chinese remedies. It has been reported for various pharmacological actions such as antitumor, antioxidative, and anti‐inflammatory impacts. Here, the liver injury rat model was established using CCl4 (1.00 mL/kg body weight) in vivo. The protective roles of Met and Lut separately or in combination were observed in hepatotoxicity induced by CCl4. The result was shown that both Met and Lut, while individually used, were normally active in diminishing CCl4‐caused hepatotoxicity. The combination of two drugs performed synergistically to improve liver damage caused by CCl4, as shown by the considerably improved liver dysfunction. Met and Lut showed highly antioxidative effects on CCl4‐treated rats moderately by increasing the activities and expression of the antioxidant enzymes. Along with this, a combination of Met and Lut significantly suppressed inflammatory responses, which is evidenced by the reduced level of inflammatory cytokines together with interleukin 1 beta (IL‐1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), and interleukin 6 (IL‐6). Additionally, CCl4‐agitated apoptosis was intensely reduced by Met and Lut through reducing cleaved caspase‐3 and Bax (pro‐apoptotic factor) while increasing Bcl‐2 (antiapoptotic factor) signaling pathways. Cotreatments of Met and Lut upregulated nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (NRF2) and heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) expression in the CCl4‐intoxicated rat's liver. The above result recommended that combination of Met and Lut may have a substantial potential and synergizing impact against CCl4‐induced hepatotoxicity.

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“…Subsequently, with this treatment, ALT, AST, and GGT, which are indicators of liver injury, increased significantly. In addition, a significant improvement in liver biomarker levels was detected with SLY treatment (25,26).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the positive effects of silymarin on valproic acid-induced liver damage in rats

Aktaş

Armağan

2019

Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi

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In this study; We aimed to investigate the possible hepatoprotective effects of silymarin against hepatic damage in valproic acid-induced rats using histological and biochemical evaluations. Method: Experimental procedures were performed on 21 male Sprague Dawley rats. Rats were seperated into three groups: group 1, control; group 2, valproic acid; group 3, valproic acid + silymarin. The groups were administered 500 mg/kg/day valproic acidand 100 mg/kg/daysilymarin for 14 days, except control group. Results: Silymarin treatment decreased the levels of serumgamma glutamyl transferase, alanine amino transferase, aspartate aminotransferase and increreased serum albumin levelssignificantly (p<0.05). In addition, increased amount of malondialdehyde and decreased levels of glutathione with valproic acid were significantly suppressed by silymarin in liver tissue (p<0.05).The combination of silymarinwith valproic acid reduced loss of body weight in the present study. Histologically, the extent of liver damage was remarkably lower in the valproic acid+silymarin group (p<0.005). When the valproic acid + silymarin group compared to the valproic acid group; it was determined that antioxidant activity was increased, oxidative stress. Conclusion: This study revealed that the liver injury induced by valproic acid was attenuated with silymarin administration. Silymarincan protect rat liver against valproic acid induced injury by its anti-oxidative effect, and might be useful for reducing the severity of liver injury.

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Glycogen–gold nanohybrid escalates the potency of silymarin

Cited by 20 publications

References 29 publications

Glycogen as a Building Block for Advanced Biological Materials

Glycogen as a Building Block for Advanced Biological Materials

Combination of metformin and luteolin synergistically protects carbon tetrachloride‐induced hepatotoxicity: Mechanism involves antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and Nrf2/HO‐1 signaling pathway

Investigation of the positive effects of silymarin on valproic acid-induced liver damage in rats

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