“…Many fungal genes have been shown to be essential for full virulence of F. oxysporum including G-protein subunits ( Jain et al, 2002 , 2003 ) and Rho-type GTPase Rho1 ( Martínez-Rocha et al, 2008 ), several protein kinases such as MAP kinases ( Di Pietro et al, 2001 ; Ding et al, 2015 ; Turrà et al, 2015 ), two-component histidine kinase ( Rispail and Di Pietro, 2010 ) and cAMP-dependent protein kinase A ( Kim et al, 2011 ), transcription factors such as REN1, FOW2, SGE1, FTF1, PacC, Ctf1, xlnR, Snt2, fost12, HpaX and Con7-1 ( Caracuel et al, 2003 ; Ohara et al, 2004 ; Imazaki et al, 2007 ; Ramos et al, 2007 ; Calero-Nieto et al, 2007 ; Rocha et al, 2008 ; Michielse et al, 2009b ; Rispail and Di Pietro, 2009 ; Asunción García-Sánchez et al, 2010 ; Denisov et al, 2011 ; López-Berges et al, 2012 ; Ruiz-Roldán et al, 2015 ; Niño-Sánchez et al, 2016 ), F-box protein FRP1 and its interactor CRE ( Duyvesteijn et al, 2005 ; Jonkers and Rep, 2009 ; Jonkers et al, 2011 ), velvet complex ( López-Berges et al, 2013 ), membrane protein Msb2 and Sho1 ( Pérez-Nadales and Di Pietro, 2011 , 2015 ), mitochondrial protein FOW1 ( Inoue et al, 2002 ) and co-chaperone Dnj1 ( Lo Presti et al, 2016 ). In addition, genes encoding for chitin synthases ( Madrid et al, 2003 ; Martín-Urdíroz et al, 2008 ; Martín-Udíroz et al, 2004 ), alcohol dehydrogenase ( Corrales Escobosa et al, 2011 ), pisatin demethylase ( Coleman et al, 2011 ), tomatinase ( Pareja-Jaime et al, 2008 ), glucanosyltransferase ( Caracuel et al, 2005 ), N -acetylglucosamine transferase ( López-Fernández et al, 2013 ), mannosyltransferase ( Li et al, 2014 ), 3-carboxy- cis, cis -muconate lactonizing enzyme ( Michielse et al, 2012 ), and other enzymes involved in arginine biosynthesis ( Namiki et al, 2001 ), glycogen catabolism ( Corral-Ramos and Roncero, 2015 ) were also shown to play roles in virulence of F. oxysporum . Thus, it is clear that F. oxysporum pathogenicity is regulated by a complicated network, which includes signal perception, transduction, gene transcription, and metabolism.…”