“…Abnormal levels of transferrin (Trf) in human serum are related to diseases such as ischemic anemia, hepatitis, and malignant tumors. [ 131,132 ] Therefore, it is very necessary to detect the content of HSA and Trf in human serum samples to diagnose certain diseases. Qin et al.…”
Section: Synthesis Methods Of Protein Smipsmentioning
Proteins are an essential part of organisms and play a very important role in life activities. Molecular imprinting technology (MIT) can prepare functional materials with specific identification abilities. In recent years, various molecularly imprinted materials have been widely used in the fields of solid‐phase extraction, bionic sensing, and on‐line analysis. Due to the limit of the properties of protein macromolecules, the development of MIT for protein molecules is relatively slow. With the continuous deepening on the research of nanomaterials and surface molecular imprinting technology, a large numbers of interesting and successful strategies appear on imprinted protein. Some surface protein imprinting materials with excellent properties and unique functions are applied in proteomics, biological imaging, medical diagnosis, and other fields, showing great potential application value. This paper summarizes the latest preparation and analysis strategies of surface protein imprinting based on nanomaterials, introduces medical application of protein imprinting materials in sample separation and purification, proteomics, biomedical and other aspects in recent years, and looks forward to the development opportunities and challenges in protein imprinting field.
“…Abnormal levels of transferrin (Trf) in human serum are related to diseases such as ischemic anemia, hepatitis, and malignant tumors. [ 131,132 ] Therefore, it is very necessary to detect the content of HSA and Trf in human serum samples to diagnose certain diseases. Qin et al.…”
Section: Synthesis Methods Of Protein Smipsmentioning
Proteins are an essential part of organisms and play a very important role in life activities. Molecular imprinting technology (MIT) can prepare functional materials with specific identification abilities. In recent years, various molecularly imprinted materials have been widely used in the fields of solid‐phase extraction, bionic sensing, and on‐line analysis. Due to the limit of the properties of protein macromolecules, the development of MIT for protein molecules is relatively slow. With the continuous deepening on the research of nanomaterials and surface molecular imprinting technology, a large numbers of interesting and successful strategies appear on imprinted protein. Some surface protein imprinting materials with excellent properties and unique functions are applied in proteomics, biological imaging, medical diagnosis, and other fields, showing great potential application value. This paper summarizes the latest preparation and analysis strategies of surface protein imprinting based on nanomaterials, introduces medical application of protein imprinting materials in sample separation and purification, proteomics, biomedical and other aspects in recent years, and looks forward to the development opportunities and challenges in protein imprinting field.
“…In another work, Srivastava et al [ 121 ], presented an electrochemical sensor based on gold-coated quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) with a surface modified with MIP using starch nanoparticles and graphite oxide nanocomposite reduced. As a proof of concept, the electrochemical sensor was tested for transferrin detection in real human blood plasma samples.…”
Section: Starch In Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensorsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Fig. 5 Schematic representation for fabrication of starch nanoparticle—RGO composite molecularly imprinted polymer [ 121 ] (Reprinted from Srivastava et al, 2019 with permission of Elsevier) …”
Section: Starch In Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensorsmentioning
Natural green compounds for sensor modification (binders) are challenging in electrochemistry. Starch is a carbohydrate biopolymer that has been used extensively in the development of biomaterials for the food industry due to its ability to impart textural characteristics and provide gelling or film formation. In particular, the excellent film-forming characteristics have been used for the development of new surface modifying architectures for electrodes. Here, we highlight a very comprehensive overview of the properties of interest of various types of starch in conjunction with (bio)materials in the chemical modification of sensors and biosensors. Throughout the review, we first give an introduction to the extraction, applications, and properties of starches followed by an overview of the prospects and their possible applications in electrochemical sensors and biosensors. In this context, we discuss some important characteristics of starches and different strategies of their film formation with an emphasis on their role in the development of electrochemical sensors and biosensors highlighting their main contributions to enhancing the performance of these devices and their applications in environmental and clinical samples.
Graphical Abstract
“…Cross-linked starch microspheres slowly-biodegradable by serum α-amylase, known as Degradable Starch Microspheres (DSM) or Spherex ® have been described as candidates for clinical translation [ 7 ]. Other new applications include resorbable stents with shape memory [ 8 ], bone scaffolds [ 9 , 10 ], wound dressing materials [ 11 ], tumor targeting [ 12 ] and molecular probes [ 13 ]. For bone tissue engineering, the viability and proliferation of cultured cells were remarkably increased with polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)-starch scaffolds compared to PHB control samples [ 14 ].…”
Many chemical modifications of starch are realized in organic (mostly methanol) phase, allowing high degrees of substitution (DS). Some of these materials are used as disintegrants. To expand the usage of starch derivative biopolymers as drug delivery system, various starch derivatives obtained in aqueous phase were evaluated with the aim to identify materials and procedures which would generate multifunctional excipients providing gastro-protection for controlled drug delivery. Chemical, structural and thermal characteristics of anionic and ampholytic High Amylose Starch (HAS) derivatives under powder (P), tablet (T) and film (F) forms were evaluated by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) methods and correlated with the behavior of tablets and films in simulated gastric and intestinal media. At low DS, the HAS carboxymethylation (CMHAS) in aqueous phase, generated tablets and films that were insoluble at ambient conditions. The CMHAS filmogenic solutions, with a lower viscosity, were easier to cast and gave smooth films without the use of plasticizer. Correlations were found between structural parameters and the properties of starch excipients. Compared to other starch modification procedures, the aqueous modification of HAS generated tunable multifunctional excipients that may be recommended for tablets and functional coatings for colon-targeted formulations.
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