Glycosaminoglycans and their proteoglycans: host‐associated molecular patterns for initiation and modulation of inflammation

Taylor, Kristen R.; Gallo, Richard L.

doi:10.1096/fj.05-4682rev

Cited by 560 publications

(492 citation statements)

References 132 publications

(226 reference statements)

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“…Kawashima et al reported that oversulfated chondroitin/dermatan sulfate chains are important in selectin-and/or chemokine-mediated cellular responses [7]. In addition, hyaluronan alternatively participates in leukocyte recruitment via interaction with CD44, while activating various inflammatory cells, such as macrophages, through CD44-dependent signaling [8]. Therefore, the field of polysaccharide biology provides new clues and explanations of the process of inflammation and suggests new therapeutic approaches to human disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Evaluation of Novel Natural Polysaccharides Sacran as a Skincare Material for Atopic Dermatitis Patients

Fukushima¹,

Motoyama²,

Tanida³

et al. 2016

JCDSA

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Atopic dermatitis is a skin disease characterized by inflammation, pruritus, and chronic or relapsing eczematous lesions. Recently, ampholytic polysaccharide sacran has attracted a particular focus of attention as a novel biomaterial. In the present study, we investigated the effect of sacran solution on atopic dermatitis in the clinical study. Almost all of the average scores for atopic dermatitis symptoms of each patient treated with sacran solutions were improved. In addition, the scores of sleep disorder and itching were also significantly ameliorated by the sacran treatment for 4 weeks, compared with those of initial states. In immatured dermal skin model stimulated with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB), the sacran treatment markedly down-regulated inflammatory cytokine and chemokine mRNA levels such as MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNAs, compared with that of DNFB alone. Furthermore, a sacran solution significantly suppressed the mRNA expression of TNF-α and COX-2 in RAW264.7 cells, a murine macrophage-like cell line, stimulated with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA). In RBL-2H3 cells, a rat basophilic leukemia cell line, a sacran solution significantly lowered β-hexosaminidase release, indicating the suppression of allergic response. These results suggest that a sacran solution may have the potential to improve atopic dermatitis through the impairment of production of inflammatory cytokine and chemokine mRNA.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Evaluation of Novel Natural Polysaccharides Sacran as a Skincare Material for Atopic Dermatitis Patients

Fukushima¹,

Motoyama²,

Tanida³

et al. 2016

JCDSA

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“…Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are a family of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules with diverse functions in development (Bandtlow and Zimmermann, 2000;Schwartz and Domowicz, 2004), infection (Uyama et al, 2006), inflammation (Taylor and Gallo, 2006), and tissue morphogenesis and cell division (Mizuguchi et al, 2003). Of these, the role of CSPGs in mammalian CNS injury and plasticity has been the subject of intense investigation (Carulli et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibiting Glycosaminoglycan Chain Polymerization Decreases the Inhibitory Activity of Astrocyte-Derived Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans

Laabs

Wang²,

Katagiri³

et al. 2007

J. Neurosci.

109

101

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Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are upregulated in the CNS after injury and participate in the inhibition of axon regeneration mainly through their glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains. In the present study, we have identified a new way to alleviate the inhibition of axonal regeneration by CSPG GAGs. We have successfully decreased the amount of CSPG GAG produced by astrocytes by targeting chondroitin polymerizing factor (ChPF), a key enzyme in the CSPG biosynthetic pathway. Using short interfering RNA (siRNA), we reduced ChPF mRNA levels by 70% in both the Neu7 astrocyte cell line and primary rat astrocytes. This reduction leads to a decrease in ChPF protein levels and a reduced amount of CSPG GAG chains in the conditioned media (CM) of these cells. Secretion of neurocan by primary astrocytes and NG2 core protein by Neu7 cells transfected with ChPF siRNA is not decreased, suggesting that inhibiting GAG chain synthesis does not affect core protein trafficking from these cells. CM from siRNA-treated Neu7 cells is a less repulsive substrate for axons than CM from control cells. In addition, axonal outgrowth from cerebellar granule neurons is increased on or in CM from ChPF siRNA-treated Neu7 cells. These data indicate that targeting the biosynthesis of CSPG GAG is a potentially new therapeutic avenue for decreasing CSPG GAG produced by astrocytes after CNS injury.

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“…HS is a highly sulfated polysaccharide consisting of the repeating disaccharide unit of 1→4-linked glucosamine and glucuronic/iduronic acid that may contain sulfo groups. A large body of evidence has demonstrated that this highly sulfated polysaccharide plays roles in regulating embryonic development, inflammatory responses, assisting viral and bacterial infections as well as blood coagulation (1)(2)(3)(4)(5). Under physiological pH, the sulfo groups exhibit considerable negative charges that influence binding properties to more than one hundred proteins.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anticoagulant heparan sulfate: structural specificity and biosynthesis

Liu

Pedersen

2007

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

123

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SummaryHeparan sulfate (HS) is present on the surface of endothelial and surrounding tissues in large quantities. It plays important roles in regulating numerous functions of the blood vessel wall, including blood coagulation, inflammation response and cell differentiation. HS is a highly sulfated polysaccharide containing glucosamine and glucuronic/iduronic acid repeating disaccharide units. The unique sulfated saccharide sequences of HS determine its specific functions. Heparin, an analogue of heparan sulfate, is the most commonly used anticoagulant drug. Because of its wide range of biological functions, HS has become an interesting molecule to biochemists, medicinal chemists and developmental biologists. Here, we summarize recent progress towards understanding the interaction between heparan sulfate and blood coagulating factors, the biosynthesis of anticoagulant heparan sulfate and the mechanism of action of heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzymes. Further, knowledge of the biosynthesis of HS facilitates the development of novel enzymatic approaches to synthesize HS from bacterial capsular polysaccharides and to produce polysaccharide end products with high specificity for the biological target. These advancements provide the foundation for the development of polysaccharide-based therapeutic agents.

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Glycosaminoglycans and their proteoglycans: host‐associated molecular patterns for initiation and modulation of inflammation

Cited by 560 publications

References 132 publications

Clinical Evaluation of Novel Natural Polysaccharides Sacran as a Skincare Material for Atopic Dermatitis Patients

Clinical Evaluation of Novel Natural Polysaccharides Sacran as a Skincare Material for Atopic Dermatitis Patients

Inhibiting Glycosaminoglycan Chain Polymerization Decreases the Inhibitory Activity of Astrocyte-Derived Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans

Anticoagulant heparan sulfate: structural specificity and biosynthesis

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