Glycyrrhizic acid in liquorice—Evaluation of health hazard

Størmer, Fredrik C.; Reistad, R.; Alexander, Jan

doi:10.1016/0278-6915(93)90080-i

Cited by 193 publications

(136 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…This is important when liquorice is discussed as cause of secondary hypertension. 12 The linear regression between dose and change in blood pressure was demonstrated 2 weeks after the start of liquorice intake, which possibly could be influenced by hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle. On the other hand, the women in the two higher dose groups started their consumption irrespective of the time in the cycle, which may neutralise this influence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Liquorice-induced rise in blood pressure: a linear dose-response relationship

et al. 2001

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To clarify the dose-response and the time-response relationship between liquorice consumption and rise in blood pressure and explore the inter-individual variance this intervention study was designed and executed in research laboratories at University hospitals in Iceland and Sweden. Healthy, Caucasian volunteers who also served as a control for himself/herself consumed liquorice in various doses, 50-200 g/day, for 2-4 weeks, corresponding to a daily intake of 75-540 mg glycyrrhetinic acid, the active substance in liquorice. Blood pressure was measured before, during and after liquorice consumption. Systolic blood pressure increased by 3.1-14.4 mm Hg (P Ͻ 0.05 for all), demonstrating a dose-

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Liquorice-induced rise in blood pressure: a linear dose-response relationship

et al. 2001

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“…LFO is prepared via a sequence of processes: extracting the roots of licorice G. glabra with ethanol, re-extracting with MCT, and standardizing the final concentration of glabridin, a major polyphenol flavonoid, to 1%. The concentration of glycyrrhizic acid, which induces a mineral corticoid action as the major side effect of licorice root, 31,32) is reduced to below 0.005% by the above processing. Licorice root and its extracts are highly safe food ingredients that have been widely consumed since ancient times and also are registered as Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) by the FDA in the U.S.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Licorice Flavonoid Oil Effects Body Weight Loss by Reduction of Body Fat Mass in Overweight Subjects

Tominaga

Mae

Kitano

et al. 2006

JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE

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Licorice flavonoid oil (LFO) is a new dietary ingredient for functional foods consisting of licorice hydrophobic polyphenols in medium-chain triglycerides (MCT). In an effective dose finding study conducted previously, LFO has exhibited a dose-dependent body fat-reducing effect. Here we report the weight-reducing effect of LFO in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, long-term (12 weeks) ingestion study at 300 mg/day, the minimal effective dose observed in the dose finding study. A total of 103 overweight subjects [body mass index (BMI): 24-30] completed this study and were analyzed. Body weight increased in the placebo group, but was maintained at close to preingestion level in the LFO group, resulting in significant (p < 0.05) differences in the changes in body weight and BMI between the LFO group and the placebo group at each time-point. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurement of body fat indicated that the weight-reducing effect was attributable to reduced body fat. No clinically significant adverse events occurred during the 12-week ingestion period. To confirm the safety of LFO for practical use we also conducted a placebo-controlled, double-blind safety study in 40 overweight subjects with a 4-week excessive ingestion at 1800 mg/day; 6 times the dose of the 300 mg/day study that exhibited a weight-reducing effect. No clinically significant adverse events occurred during the 4-week ingestion period. Based on these findings in both human studies it was shown that LFO is a safe ingredient for functional foods even for long-term or excessive ingestion, with a potential weight-reducing effect.

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“…The regular intake of 100 mg glycyrrhizic acid/day was defined as the lowest observed adverse effect level in humans, using a safety factor of 10, and the daily intake of 10 mg glycyrrhizic acid was considered safe for most healthy adults (Størmer, et al, 1993). In this trial the end-cumulative dose of GRA for each chicken after seven weeks of continuous medication was only 414 mg/kg, with an approximate daily dose of 48 mg of GRA/kg of body weight the first week of age, given a water intake of 32 mL/day and an initial body weight of 40 g. During the last week of this trial, the dose was only 5 mg of GRA/kg of body weight, considering a water intake of 245 mL/day and a body weight of 3 kg.…”

Section: Effects Of Glycyrrhizic Acid On Productive and Immune Paramementioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Glycyrrhizic Acid on Productive and Immune Parameters of Broilers

Ocampo

Gómez-Verduzco

Tapia-Pérez

et al. 2016

Rev. Bras. Cienc. Avic.

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KeywordsBroiler chickens, growth promotion, immune system, glycyrrhizic acid.Submitted: February/2015 Approved: March/2016 ABSTRACT Considering that glycyrrhizic acid (GRA) has been shown to have in-vitro and in-vivo antiviral activity against a wide range of viruses as well as immunostimulating activity, a trial to evaluate its effects on the performance and the immune response against Newcastle disease of broiler chickens was carried out. The study was performed with oneday-old Ross x Ross broiler chickens. GRA was added to the drinking water throughout the 49-d production cycle at a dose of 0.03%. Sample size of the trial was established in a pilot assay. Results showed that broiler chickens treated with GRA presented better weight gain, final body weight, feed conversion ratio, and lower mortality rate than the non-treated controls. In addition, GRA-treated birds presented higher antibody titers against Newcastle disease virus and more efficient cellular immune response, as demonstrated by the late-hypersensitivity response test. Blood lymphocyte and thrombocyte counts also increased in this group. The histopathological examination of the bursa, spleen, and thymus revealed that only the thymus of the GRA-treated group had a clearly defined increase in cortex thickness on day 49. The bursa showed a higher number of lymphoid lesions in CG on days 21 and 49 compared with the GRA group. These results suggest that GRA has growth promotion properties, which are possibly linked to immunebased effects.

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Glycyrrhizic acid in liquorice—Evaluation of health hazard

Cited by 193 publications

References 36 publications

Liquorice-induced rise in blood pressure: a linear dose-response relationship

Liquorice-induced rise in blood pressure: a linear dose-response relationship

Licorice Flavonoid Oil Effects Body Weight Loss by Reduction of Body Fat Mass in Overweight Subjects

Effects of Glycyrrhizic Acid on Productive and Immune Parameters of Broilers

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