Glycyrrhizic acid prevents enteritis through reduction of NF-κB p65 and p38MAPK expression in rat

Abstract

Glycyrrhizic acid has a variety of biological properties, including a protective function in the liver, and anti‑inflammatory, anti‑ulcer, anti‑anaphylaxis, anti‑oxidant, immunoregulatory, antiviral and anticancer activities. The efficacy of glycyrrhizic acid can be increased when combined with other medicines. In the present study, the potential protective effects of glycyrrhizic acid against enteritis in rats, and its role in regulating anti‑inflammation, anti‑oxidation, angiogenic and apoptotic mechanisms were investigated using enzyme‑linked immunosorbent and bicinchoninic acid assays, and reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting analyses. Adult male Sprague‑Dawley rats were injected with 20 mg/kg methotrexate (MTX) to establish enteritis. Additionally, rats with MTX‑induced enteritis were peritoneally injected with 200 mg glycyrrhizic acid for 9 weeks. The current study demonstrated that glycyrrhizic acid could alleviate MTX‑induced increases of tumor necrosis factor‑α, interleukin (IL)‑1β and IL‑6 levels, and raise IL‑10 levels, in rats with enteritis. Treatment with glycyrrhizic acid significantly reduced D‑lactate and intercellular adhesion molecule‑1 gene expression (P<0.01), but did not inhibit diamine oxidase activity in MTX‑induced enteritis. Pretreatment with glycyrrhizic acid significantly suppressed the promotion of p38 mitogen‑activated protein kinase (p38MAPK), nuclear factor‑κB p65 (NF‑κB p65) protein expression, interferon‑γ protein concentration, and caspase‑3 and cycloxygenase‑2 activity in MTX‑induced enteritis (P<0.01). The findings of the current study suggest that glycyrrhizic acid may prevent enteritis by reducing NF‑κB p65 and p38MAPK expression levels, which may inform future therapeutic strategies for the treatment of enteritis.

Protective Impacts of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract against Methotrexate‐Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis on Mouse Spleen

“…e total polyphenolic ingredients were shown as milligrams of gallic acid equivalent per 100 grams of MOLE. e standard curve used was gallic acid at different concentrations (25,50,100,150, and 200 μg/ml) to prepare the standard curve. For each standard concentration and sample, the absorbance at 760 nm was measured, and the calibration curve was obtained and calibrated.…”

Exploration of the mechanisms of Ge Gen Decoction against influenza A virus infection

“…1a and 1b), which included nineteen flavonoids, three organic acids, three monoterpenoids, two triterpenoid saponins, two alkaloids, and two other types of compounds. The contents of seven components with antiviral, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities [10][11][12][13][14][26][27] in GGD were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as 0.63 mgg -1 gallic acid, 21.46 mgg -1 puerarin, 3.74 mgg -1 paeoniflorin, 3.08 mgg -1 daidzin, 0.48 mgg -1 daidzein, 0.24 mgg -1 cinnamic acid, and 1.8 mgg -1 glycyrrhizic acid (Fig. 1c).…”

“…GGD treatment significantly reduced the virus titers in lung tissue and alleviated pathological damage in mice infected with H1N1 (0.8 LD 50 ). Some components in GGD have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities [10][11][12][13][14][15] . Thus, further studies are required to verify the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory hypothesis of GGD in the treatment of influenza.…”

“…Excessive immune activation, cytokine storm, and oxidative stress are the major causes of mortality in IAV-infected mice [7] , and the imbalance of inflammation and anti-inflammation increases the pathogenicity of the influenza virus [8][9] . Some components of GGD have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities [10][11][12][13][14][15] ; thus, in this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of GGD in IAV-infected mice. We examined the antiviral mechanism of GGD by measuring the direct anti-IAV H1N1 activities of GGD in vitro and in vivo and determining how GGD modulates the host immune system of IAV-infected mice to relieve the inflammation.…”

<p>Glycyrrhizic Acid Inhibits Proliferation of Gastric Cancer Cells by Inducing Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis</p>

“…[16][17][18] Previous studies have shown that GA can regulate several important signaling proteins, including those that belong to cysteine-dependent aspartate-specific protease (caspase) and the Bcl-2 families, the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) protein, the high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) protein, the extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK), the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT kinases and the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). [19][20][21][22] However, a limited number of reports have investigated mechanism by which GA affects GC.…”