Glyphosate‐Resistant Crops: Developing the Next Generation Products

Biotechnology: Herbicide-Resistant Crops

“…The predominantly used gene has been the cp4 gene from Agrobacterium sp., which encodes a GR EPSPS (Green, 2009). In some maize varieties, a maize EPSPS gene (TIPS-EPSPS) modified by site-directed mutagenesis of two codons was used for G21 varieties (Dill, 2005;Feng et al, 2010;Pollegioni et al, 2011). TIPS-EPSPS is kinetically inferior to CP4 EPSPS in the presence of glyphosate.…”

Recent Advancements in Gene Expression and Enabling Technologies in Crop Plants

“…HT corn also reached about 73 % of US corn acreage in 2012 (http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/adoption-of-geneticallyengineered-crops-in-the-us/). Although several crops with HT traits other than glyphosate tolerance have been marketed over the years, their adoption has been relatively slow (Feng et al 2010a), and the majority of the HT acreage in the USA has been planted with glyphosate-tolerant traits.…”

“…Two basic strategies have been used to engineer GT crops, (a) expression of a transgene encoding a glyphosate-insensitive target enzyme, and (b) expression of transgene-encoding enzymes for glyphosate deactivation or detoxification (CaJacob et al 2004;Feng et al 2010a;Pollegioni et al 2011). The discovery of the chloroplast-localized enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EP-SPS) as the sole target of glyphosate (Steinrücken and Amrhein 1980) offered an opportunity for engineering GT crops through glyphosate-insensitive EPSPSs.…”

“…In the past few years, many reviews have been written on different aspects of herbicide traits (Feng et al 2010a;Green and Castle 2010). This chapter covers the development of the early herbicide-trait systems focusing on the development of the glyphosate-tolerant biotech crop systems and the early glufosinate-tolerant biotech traits.…”

Herbicide-tolerant Transgenic Soybean over 15 Years of Cultivation: Pesticide Use, Weed Resistance, and Some Economic Issues. The Case of the USA

“…In addition to being glyphosate-tolerant, the new varieties could be tolerant to dicamba, 2,4-D, ALS inhibitor, mesotrione, or isoxaflutole, etc. [59,[74][75][76][77]. This raises questions because some of the envisaged herbicides do not have a very favorable toxicological profile.…”