Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains an incurable malignancy despite the treatment methods being continually updated. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) promote the progression of HCC; however, no consensus exists on which MMP plays the predominant role in HCCs. In the present study, we analyzed differentially expressed genes in HCCs, especially MMPs, compared with adjacent tissues using the Cancer Genome Atlas database. The KEGG enrichment pathway using differentially expressed genes included extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, which was correlated with MMPs. We found that among the MMP family, only MMP1, MMP3, MMP8, MMP9, MMP11, MMP12, MMP14, MMP15, MMP20, MMP21, and MMP24 signi cantly increased in HCCs compared with adjacent tissues. Crucially, survival and univariate analyses indicated that only MMPs 1, 9, 12, and 14 predict poor overall survival; however, multivariate Cox analysis and a nomogram demonstrated that only MMP1 is a poor prognostic biomarker for HCCs. In addition, we observed a signi cant enrichment of uncharacterized cells but decreased macrophages in HCC tissues. Consistent with decreased macrophages in HCCs, MMP1 was negatively associated with macrophages but positively correlated with uncharacterized cells, indicating that the main producer of MMP1 is uncharacterized cells. Furthermore, MMP1 expression was negatively correlated with immune responses of HCCs. Taken together, our ndings indicated that MMP1 is a poor and predominant prognostic biomarker for patients with HCC, and that anti-MMP1 may be a novel therapy that is worth studying in depth.MMPs can promote cancer progression by increasing cancer cell growth, migration, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis.[6] MMPs exert these effects by cleaving a diverse group of substrates, which include not only structural components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), but also growth-factor-binding proteins, growth-factor precursors, receptor tyrosine kinases, cell-adhesion molecules, and other proteinases. [6] Direct evidence for a role of MMPs in tumor progression has been provided by xenograft experiments that have used cancer cells with decreased and increased expression levels of MMPs or tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), and also by carcinogenesis experiments with mice that either lacked a speci c MMP or TIMP-1 or had organ-speci c MMP or TIMP-1 overexpression.[7-13] MMPs are upregulated in almost every type of human cancer, including HCCs, and their expression is often associated with poor survival.[6, 14-19] However, there is no consensus on which MMP plays the predominant role in HCCs, which limits their clinical predictive value for the prognosis of patients with HCC. Therefore, the prognostic role of MMP members in HCCs still needs to be fully uncovered.In the present study, we characterized the gene expression pro les from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database (https://portal.gdc.com). We analyzed differentially expressed genes in HCCs, especially MMPs, compared with adjacent tissues using the TCGA database. Am...