Gnathostomiasis: An Emerging Imported Disease

Moore, David; McCroddan, Janice; Dekumyoy, Paron; Chiodini, Peter L.

doi:10.3201/eid0906.020625

Cited by 123 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…or to the rCTL1 sharing some epitopes with the Paragonimus trematodes. Nevertheless, the IgG4-ELISA presents a significant serological advantage, as it can differentiate between human fasciolosis and gnathostomiasis, a disease with high prevalence in Asia (29,30).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Immunoglobulin G Subclass Antibodies against RecombinantFasciola giganticaCathepsin L1 in an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Serodiagnosis of Human Fasciolosis

Wongkham

Tantrawatpan

Intapan

et al. 2005

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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A cystatin capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using recombinant Fasciola gigantica cathepsin L1 antigen was developed to detect specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass antibodies (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) and was evaluated for its diagnostic potential for human fasciolosis. In an analysis of the sera of 13 patients infected with F. gigantica, 209 patients with other parasitic infections, 32 cholangiocarcinoma patients, and 42 healthy controls, the IgG4-ELISA gave the highest diagnostic values. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive and negative predictive values of this method based on the detection of IgG4 antibody were 100%, 99.3%, 99.3%, 86.7%, and 100%, respectively. The results revealed that restricting the ELISA to the detection of specific IgG4 antibody enhanced the specificity and accuracy for the serodiagnosis of human fasciolosis.Fasciolosis is caused by liver flukes of the genus Fasciola, of which F. hepatica and F. gigantica are the most common representatives (38). Both have a worldwide distribution, but F. hepatica predominates in temperate zones while F. gigantica is found primarily in tropical regions (3). The disease is recognized as a serious public health problem by the World Health Organization (38), and an estimated 17 million people are infected worldwide (28).The diagnosis of F. hepatica infections is usually based on fecal egg counts or serological assays of which some are based on the detection of cathepsin L proteases of these flukes. Serological tests for the diagnosis of fasciolosis have been developed as standard assays using native F. hepatica cathepsin L1 (31,32,34,36) or recombinant cathepsin L1 as marker antigens (5, 7, 31) as well as selected B-cell epitopes from F. hepatica cathepsin L1 (7,8). The development of an enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the diagnosis of human fasciolosis based on the detection of serum immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) antibody reactive to native or recombinant F. hepatica cathepsin L1 showed excellent potential (31,32,36).Despite recent studies involving the diagnosis of human fasciolosis using native F. gigantica excretory-secretory antigen (20,26,27), native F. gigantica cysteine proteinase (35) or recombinant F. gigantica cathepsin L1 (rCTL1) (37), specific IgG subclass antibodies to F. gigantica rCTL1 antigens as targets for an ELISA have not been studied sufficiently and need further investigation. In the present study, we evaluated four IgG subclass antibodies (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) against F. gigantica rCTL1 in a cystatin capture ELISA for the serodiagnosis of human fasciolosis. The aim was to determine whether the detection of any subclasses of IgG antibodies could be used to improve the specificity and accuracy of this immunodiagnostic technique. MATERIALS AND METHODSPreparation of recombinant protein antigen for the cystatin capture ELISA. The F. gigantica rCTL1 antigen was prepared as previously described (37). Briefly, the expression of calmodulin binding peptide fused with cathepsin L1 in transf...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Immunoglobulin G Subclass Antibodies against RecombinantFasciola giganticaCathepsin L1 in an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Serodiagnosis of Human Fasciolosis

Wongkham

Tantrawatpan

Intapan

et al. 2005

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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“…[24][25][26] There were no cases of gnathostomiasis in our patients because of differences in the history of exposure and clinical symptoms and because the Caribbean region and Cuba are free of this disease. Gnathostoma spinigerum infection is endemic in Southeast Asia 27 Infection with Gnathostoma species is typically categorized into cutaneous, visceral, and CNS forms. 27 Gnathostoma infection can cause symptoms that recur for 10-12 years, whereas Angiostrongylus infection can cause symptoms that recur for several months.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gnathostoma spinigerum infection is endemic in Southeast Asia 27 Infection with Gnathostoma species is typically categorized into cutaneous, visceral, and CNS forms. 27 Gnathostoma infection can cause symptoms that recur for 10-12 years, whereas Angiostrongylus infection can cause symptoms that recur for several months. 28 Our patients did not have dermatologic manifestations and skin lesions typical of Gnathostoma infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reibergram of Intrathecal Synthesis of C4 in Patients with Eosinophilic Meningitis Caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis

Padilla-Docal¹,

Dorta‐Contreras²,

Bu-Coifiu-Fanego³

et al. 2010

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Angiostrongylus cantonensis produces eosinophilic meningitis in humans and is endemic in Thailand, Taiwan, China, and the Caribbean region. During infection with this parasite, it is important to know if the complement system may be activated by the classical or lectin pathway. Cerebrospinal fluid and serum samples from 20 patients with meningitic angiostrongyliasis were used to quantify C4 levels and albumin. Results were plotted on a C4 CSF/serum quotient diagram or Reibergram. Twelve patients showed intrathecal synthesis of C4. Antibody-dependent complement cytotoxicity should be considered as a possible mechanism that destroys third-stage larvae of this helminth in cerebrospinal fluid of affected patients.

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“…The ingested third stage (L3) larvae mature to adult worms in approximately 6 months only from their final hosts [45]. The infection with L3 larvae can be acquired by accidental consumption of infected raw or partly cooked food (such as fish, shrimp, crab, crayfish, frog or chicken) due to a country's dietary habits [46]. As larva cannot mature into the adult form in humans, the L3 larva can only wander within the body of the host, wherein clinical symptoms of gnathostomiasis then occur due to the inflammatory reaction provoked by the migrating larvae [46].…”

Section: Parasitic Threat To Food Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

Updates on Aquatic Parasites in Fisheries: Implications to Food Safety, Food Security and Environmental Protection

Quiazon¹

2015

J Coast Zone Manag

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Journal of Coastal Zone Management AbstractCheap protein sources from fishery products come from both capture fishery and aquaculture industries. Despite the available technologies that help increase wild catch and aquaculture production, our food security is being threatened by several factors including parasitic infections. Zoonotic parasites infecting our fishery products are one of the several concerns for our food safety. Among these include the infections with the nematode Anisakis in marine fishes and cephalopods causing human anisakiasis and/or allergy-associated health risks, the nematode Gnathostoma causing gnathostomiasis, and food poisoning due to the myxozoan infection of the genus Kudoa. On the other hand, the increasing human population, dwindling fish catch from the wild, degradation of aquatic environment, and declining or slow growth of aquaculture sector due to parasitic diseases are all posing global threats to the security and sustainability of fish supplies. The wild fish populations are affected by the parasitic diseases that directly and indirectly affect fish reproduction, growth, and survival, whereas intensifications of aquaculture operations cause fish health problems associated to parasitic diseases resulting to decline in production. Despite these negative impacts of parasites, there are several parasite groups that are used as biological indicators for food chain structure, heavy metal contamination, environmental pollutions and fish stock assessment (i.e., nematodes Anisakis, Hysterothylacium, Anguillicola, Spirophilometra, Raphidascaris, and Philometra; acanthocephalans Pomphorhynchus, Serrasentis, and Acanthocephalus; cestodes Bothriocephalus, Monobothrium, and Ligula; monogenean Pseudorhabdosynochus; and digenean Didymodiclinus), as well as reducer of heavy metal accumulation in the body of their host fish (i.e., acanthocephalans Pomphorhynchus and Acanthocephalus). The use of these parasites for proper management of fishery resources can be of help in addressing food safety, fish security, and food sustainability, while at the same time managing our fishery resources. As we are addressing these global issues, these parasites that we are considering as threats can be of useful value to attain sustainable development.

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Gnathostomiasis: An Emerging Imported Disease

Cited by 123 publications

References 6 publications

Evaluation of Immunoglobulin G Subclass Antibodies against RecombinantFasciola giganticaCathepsin L1 in an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Serodiagnosis of Human Fasciolosis

Evaluation of Immunoglobulin G Subclass Antibodies against RecombinantFasciola giganticaCathepsin L1 in an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Serodiagnosis of Human Fasciolosis

Reibergram of Intrathecal Synthesis of C4 in Patients with Eosinophilic Meningitis Caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis

Updates on Aquatic Parasites in Fisheries: Implications to Food Safety, Food Security and Environmental Protection

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