Gnotobiotics

Schoeb, Trenton R.; Rahija, Richard J.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00026-2

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 160 publications

(108 reference statements)

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“…(22) All these techniques provide significant primary evidence for linking the gut-microbiome to the retinal diseases; but, to move beyond the correlation phase of experiments; preclinical mouse models are essential. (21,23) The GF mouse model is considered the gold-standard for proof-of-concept microbiome investigations and has been used in milestone discoveries to determine causal links between the microbiome and disease. (24,25,26) Presently, no studies use the GF mouse model to describe the gut microbiome’s role in the gut-retina axis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Throughput RNA Sequencing of Germ-Free Mouse Retina Reveals Metabolic Pathways Involved in the Gut-Retina Axis

Nadeem

Xie

Movahedan

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background and aimsConnections between the gut microbiome and retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) are recently being established. Communication between the gut microbiome and retina, referred to as the gut-retina axis, has been proposed; however, the biologic pathways and mediators involved in the interactions have not yet been elucidated. Using high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of whole retinas, we compare the retinal transcriptome from germ-free (GF) and specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice to investigate effects of the gut-microbiome on both retinal gene expression and biologic pathways.MethodsRNA was extracted from whole retinas of GF and SPF mice (four animals per group) and cDNA libraries were created. RNA-seq was performed on NovaSEQ6000 using the paired-end method. After preprocessing the RNA-seq data, gene expression value was calculated by count per million (CPM). The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified with edgeR Bioconductor analysis of expression data. Functional enrichment and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analyses were created for the differentially expressed genes (DEGs).ResultsRNA-sequencing reveals a cohort of 396 DEGs, of which, 173 are upregulated and 223 are downregulated in GF mouse retina. Enrichment analysis reveals that the DEGs are involved in glucocorticoid effects, transcription factor binding, cytoskeletal stability, lipid metabolism, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Multiple biologic pathways, including obesity/metabolic syndrome, longevity, and 5’ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway are affected in the GF retinas. PPARG1a (PGC1a) gene is involved in 12 of the 16 significantly modulated pathways. Proteins with the most number of interactions in the PPI are E1A binding protein P300(EP300), forkhead box O3(FOXO3) and PGC1a.ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the involvement of the gut microbiome in driving the retinal transcriptome, providing evidence for the presence of a gut-retina axis. Future studies are needed to define the precise role of the gut-retina axis in the pathogenesis of retinal diseases.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Throughput RNA Sequencing of Germ-Free Mouse Retina Reveals Metabolic Pathways Involved in the Gut-Retina Axis

Nadeem

Xie

Movahedan

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Similarly, peracetic acid denatures proteins, disrupting cell-wall permeability, and oxidizes sulfhydryl and sulphur bonds in proteins, enzymes, and other metabolites [ 32 ]. This agent is considered a more potent sporicide, compared to hydrogen peroxide, whilst being only slightly affected by the presence of organic matter [ 39 , 40 ], but is more corrosive than hydrogen peroxide [ 41 ]. Several studies have reported that 0.05%–1% peracetic acid inactivates bacterial spores in 15 s to 30 min using spore suspension tests [ 32 , 42 , 43 ] including inactivation of mesophilic Clostridium spores [ 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the Effectiveness of Disinfectants Used in Meat-Processing Facilities to Control Clostridium sporogenes and Clostridioides difficile Spores

McSharry

Koolman

Whyte

et al. 2021

Foods

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Spore-forming bacteria are a major concern for the food industry as they cause both spoilage and food safety issues. Moreover, as they are more resistant than vegetative cells, their removal from the food processing environment may be difficult to achieve. This study investigated the efficacy of the ten most commonly used disinfectant agents (assigned 1–10), used at the recommended concentrations in the meat industry, for their ability to eliminate Clostridium sporogenes and Clostridioides difficile spores. Test-tube based suspension assays suggested that disinfectants 2 (10% v/v preparation of a mixture of hydrogen peroxide (10–30%), acetic acid (1–10%) and peracetic acid (1–10%)), 7 (4% w/v preparation of a mixture of peroxymonosulphate (30–50%), sulphamic acid (1–10%) and troclosene sodium (1–10%)) and 10 (2% v/v preparation of a mixture of glutaraldehyde (10–30%), benzalkonium chloride (1–10%)) were the most effective formulations. D-values for these ranged from 2.1 to 8.4 min at 20 °C for the target spores. Based on these findings, it is recommended that these disinfectants are used to control Clostridium spores in the meat plant environment.

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Opening the Loop: A Proposal to Allow the Installation of Distributed Renewable Generation Technology in Downtown Chicago

Conger

2012

SSRN Journal

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Gnotobiotics

Cited by 3 publications

References 160 publications

High Throughput RNA Sequencing of Germ-Free Mouse Retina Reveals Metabolic Pathways Involved in the Gut-Retina Axis

High Throughput RNA Sequencing of Germ-Free Mouse Retina Reveals Metabolic Pathways Involved in the Gut-Retina Axis

Investigation of the Effectiveness of Disinfectants Used in Meat-Processing Facilities to Control Clostridium sporogenes and Clostridioides difficile Spores

Opening the Loop: A Proposal to Allow the Installation of Distributed Renewable Generation Technology in Downtown Chicago

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