“…Nevertheless, this adaptive strategy is often suboptimal since many engineering problems seek only to approximate a quantity of interest (QoI), which may be only loosely related to the energy norm. As a consequence, in the late 90's, the goal-oriented adaptivity (GoA) methodology arose to tackle this problem (see, e.g., [14,30,45,61,62,66]). In GoA, we first construct an adjoint problem (see [61]).…”