Goat's milk oligosaccharides modulate mucin and trefoil factors production in the mucus producing intestinal cell line HT29/MTX

Metabolism of Caprine Milk Carbohydrates by Probiotic Bacteria and Caco-2:HT29–MTX Epithelial Co-Cultures and Their Impact on Intestinal Barrier Integrity

“…Treatments were shown to have variable effects on mucin gene expression levels, although CF did not change the levels of any mucin gene investigated compared to untreated co-cultures ( Figure 6 A). Previously we reported that CF increased MUC2 and MUC5AC gene expression levels in Caco-2:HT29–MTX (90:10) co-cultures [ 47 ] after 12 h incubation, whilst a study by Martinez-Augustin et al [ 86 ] reported that levels of MUC2 and MUC4 expression was decreased in HT29–MTX cells after exposure to a goat’s milk fraction enriched with oligosaccharides, suggesting increased exposure times of IECs to carbohydrates can have differential effects on mucin gene expression [ 86 ]. In contrast, co-cultures incubated with L. rhamnosus GG had increased levels of MUC4 , MUC2 and MUC5AC mRNA compared to untreated co-cultures.…”

Effect of a Semi-Purified Oligosaccharide-Enriched Fraction from Caprine Milk on Barrier Integrity and Mucin Production of Co-Culture Models of the Small and Large Intestinal Epithelium

“…A recent study has shown that oligosaccharides from caprine milk normalise the expression levels of selected mucin genes in a dextran-sodium-sulfate-induced rat model of colitis [ 27 ]. In contrast, another study determined oligosaccharides from caprine milk modulate the expression of selected mucin genes and trefoil factors in HT29-MTX mono-cultures [ 28 ]. However, these studies did not investigate the effects of these milk constituents on mucin protein abundance and thus the relationship between mucin gene expression and mucin protein abundance was not characterised.…”

“…The underlying mechanisms of action of oligosaccharides on mucin gene/protein expression are not fully understood, although it is known that oligosaccharides interact with glycan binding proteins differentially expressed by epithelial cells [ 29 ], and that neutral oligosaccharides, but not acidic oligosaccharides, can be found in the intracellular compartment of Caco-2 cells [ 30 ]. Other in vitro studies have shown the effects of oligosaccharides on cellular proliferation [ 4 ], transport mechanisms [ 30 ], and mucin gene expression [ 28 ]. However, the cellular models used were representative of one cell type and thus may not be representative of the impact oligosaccharides have on the barrier integrity and the surface mucus layer of the intestinal epithelium in vivo .…”

Influence of transmembrane pressure on the separation of caprine milk oligosaccharides from protein by cross‐flow ultrafiltration

“…2006a). With respect to their bioactivity, oligosaccharide‐enriched products obtained from goat milk have shown their capability to modulate the expression of goblet cell‐specific genes in the HT29/MTX model (Martinez‐Augustin et al . 2003).…”

“…Interestingly, goat milk has turned out to be highly unusual, showing important similarities when compared to human milk in terms of both concentration and composition of oligosaccharides (Martinez-Ferez et al 2006a). With respect to their bioactivity, oligosaccharide-enriched products obtained from goat milk have shown their capability to modulate the expression of goblet cell-specific genes in the HT29/MTX model (Martinez-Augustin et al 2003). Likewise, Daddaoua et al (2006) showed the anti-inflammatory effects of caprine milk oligosaccharides in rats with experimental colitis, suggesting that they may be useful in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.…”