“…Democratic values, including individual freedoms, the rule of law, and minority rights, can be compromised by religious nationalism, which can lead to restrictive laws and policies, suppressing dissent, and limiting individual liberties (Juergensmeyer et al, 2015). Religious identity, when harnessed for political advantages, has the potential to ignite conflicts that erode the stability of democratic institutions (Huntington, 1993;Toft et al, 2011).…”