Going the Distance: The Road to the 1984 Olympic Women's Marathon

Schultz, Jaime

doi:10.1080/09523367.2014.958668

Cited by 11 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…LA's relaxed lifestyle claimed two new Olympic sports: synchronized swimming and windsurfing (Dyreson 2015). Even with the addition of the women's marathon (and several other events), women made up only 1700 of the 7800 Olympians (Schultz 2015).…”

Section: Create Athlete Experiencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Los Angeles Olympic Games: Planning Legacies

Kaßens-Noor

2020

Los Angeles and the Summer Olympic Games

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The purpose of this book is to identify legacies arising from the bidding and planning process for Los Angeles' 2028 Summer Olympic Games. Providing a brief historical account of the bidding processes and legacies for the 1932 and 1984 Olympics, the book answers the question of why LA won the 2028 Olympic bid. LA's Olympic bidding process is the story of a city hosting the Games in which the process of bidding in an adversarial anti-Olympic bid climate was custom made for LA. The focus of the book lies on testing the premise whether and why the bid boosters' claim "we have done it before, we can do it again" may or may not hold for LA's 2028 legacies. Four elements challenge similar legacies from previous Games: the proposed dual opening and closing ceremony, the under-construction gigantic NFL stadium, and the vast planned transport expansion of LA challenge similar legacies from previous LA Games. No matter the legacy outcomes, the future two Olympic hosts including LA 2028 will determine the fate of the International Olympic Committee, the Olympics brand, and the Olympic Games.

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Section: Create Athlete Experiencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Los Angeles Olympic Games: Planning Legacies

Kaßens-Noor

2020

Los Angeles and the Summer Olympic Games

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“…The majority of the literature concerning the history of women's distance running consists of discussion about the fight for the inclusion of the marathon to the women's Olympic track and field program. There are many sources that review the fight for the addition of the women's long distance running in the Olympic Games and we reviewed two for this paper: Lovett (1997) and Schultz (2015). Each of these sources took a slightly different approach to the data but both covered the main points of the struggle for inclusion, detailed below.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The IOC restricted women's track and field races to 100 meters and under until 1948 when the 200 meter race was added to the roster. The women's length restrictions were increased again in 1960 when the 800 meter race was reintroduced and in 1972 when the 1500 meter race was added but the distances were not extended again until 1984 when the 3000 meter and marathon races were added (Lovett, 1997;Schultz, 2015).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…That same year K. Switzer was able to obtain an official registration to the Boston marathon and, after race officials attempted to forcibly remove her from the course, women's long distance running was thrust into the public eye around the world. This global attention, in addition to the performances of early women marathoners, elicited an increase in the popularity of women's distance running in addition to triggering a gradual transformation of the American and international rules for distance running (Lovett, 1997;Schultz, 2015).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The IOC stated several qualifications that needed to be met before an event could be added to the Olympics, the most difficult being that the event needed to be popular in at least twenty-five countries and on at least two continents. The popularity of the women's marathon came to the attention of the international press when the third Avon international marathon championship was covered by major worldwide media in 1980, as a result of the boycott of the Olympic Games in Moscow (Lovett, 1997;Schultz, 2015).…”

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Are Women as Competitive as Men in Road Races?

Johnson

Magel

2016

Journal of Sports Research

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Samples of road races are taken for various distances, including 5K, 10K, half-marathon, and marathon. Age/gender adjusted times are calculated for each runner of every road race included in the samples. Hypothesis tests are conducted comparing the average age/gender adjusted running time for men with the age-gender adjusted time for women for each race in the sample and then using meta-analysis techniques to collectively compare the mean adjusted times for each of the various distances. Hypothesis tests are also conducted comparing the variances of the age/gender adjusted running times for women with the variance of the age/gender adjusted running times for men, as well as the proportions of men and women who have age/gender adjusted running times greater than the 60 th percentile, and then less than the 40 th percentile. Overall, the average age/gender adjusted running times for women are less than those of men for each of the distances. It is found that a significantly higher proportion of men perform at or above the 60 th percentile compared to the proportion of women for each of the race distances. It is found, however, that the variances of the age/gender adjusted running times for men are larger.

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The Rewards and Risks of Historical Events Studies Research

McDowell¹,

Skillen²

2016

Critical Event Studies

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2016), 'The rewards and risks of historical events studies research', in Ian Lamond and Louise Platt (eds) Critical Event Studies: Approaches to Research. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 87-107. There may be small textual differences between this version and the published version. Any reference made to this paper should refer to the published version. WHY HISTORY?When we think about events we think of them as being current, contemporary, in the here and now; history does not readily spring to mind. And yet history has much to offer the study and development of events.Aside from needing to critically understand the politics, finances, and consequences in relation to events, researching their history enables students to approach the event from a new perspective. The use of history provides students with a greater understanding of the development of, amongst other things, policy, funding and organisational structure and behaviour. It will allow the student a valuable insight into the evolution of an event over time. This in turn can illustrate the processes which were undertaken and influence the current format of a particular event.Matthews (2012, p. 4) has suggested that historical events should be looked at by students because they: Offer an understanding role of events stakeholders (with three key categories: owners and organisers, participants, spectators)  Relationships between the three key stakeholders  Design of events through the use of ritual.Different models can certainly be applied towards studying the history of events, including ones of management and marketing. For the purposes of history, however, it can sometimes be necessary to apply a more flexible approach towards interrelationships within the organisation and management of these events. Our expertise is in the history of sport, including sporting events, and thus they will be the focus of our chapter.Events do not just appear overnight: they evolve from earlier versions of the same thing. So, by studying where these events came from, we can begin to understand the evolution of the event in its current form. For example, the modern Olympics were first held in 1896. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) was founded by Baron Pierre de Coubertin in 1894.Purported to be based ancient Olympics as participated in by the city-states of Greece, they nevertheless firmly reflected contemporary Victorian values of Empire, maintenance of the social order, and the pursuit of 'Christian' ideals.One of Coubertin's founding ideals of the modern Olympics was to bring nations together in 'peace' through sporting competition, something which is still evident today. However, the Olympics also provide a forum in which the spotlight can be turned on international politics.The 1936 Olympics, held in Berlin, were used by the Nazis to demonstrate their power, and arguably their Aryan policies. The Nazis sidestepped the Games' usual vision of internationalism and cooperation, and instead promoted a vision of power, dominance, and scale, drawing on ancient Greece ...

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Going the Distance: The Road to the 1984 Olympic Women's Marathon

Cited by 11 publications

References 12 publications

The Los Angeles Olympic Games: Planning Legacies

The Los Angeles Olympic Games: Planning Legacies

Are Women as Competitive as Men in Road Races?

The Rewards and Risks of Historical Events Studies Research

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