Mitochondrial structure
and organization is integral to maintaining
mitochondrial homeostasis and an emerging biological target in aging,
inflammation, neurodegeneration, and cancer. The study of mitochondrial
structure and its functional implications remains challenging in part
because of the lack of available tools for direct engagement, particularly
in a disease setting. Here, we report a gold-based approach to perturb
mitochondrial structure in cancer cells. Specifically, the design
and synthesis of a series of tricoordinate Au(I) complexes with systematic
modifications to group 15 nonmetallic ligands establish structure–activity
relationships (SAR) to identify physiologically relevant tools for
mitochondrial perturbation. The optimized compound,
AuTri-9
selectively disrupts breast cancer mitochondrial structure rapidly
as observed by transmission electron microscopy with attendant effects
on fusion and fission proteins. This phenomenon triggers severe depolarization
of the mitochondrial membrane in cancer cells. The high in vivo tolerability
of
AuTri-9
in mice demonstrates its preclinical utility.
This work provides a basis for rational design of gold-based agents
to control mitochondrial structure and dynamics.