Gold dissolution: towards understanding of noble metal corrosion

Cherevko, Serhiy; Topalov, Angel Angelov; Žeradjanin, Aleksandar R.; Katsounaros, Ioannis; Mayrhofer, Karl Johann Jakob

doi:10.1039/c3ra42684j

Cited by 161 publications

(206 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Formation and reduction of gold and platinum oxides in acidic and alkaline electrolytes.-It has been established that electrochemical dissolution of gold 63,64 and platinum 65,66 in acidic media takes place at potentials at which the metal surface is, at least partially, oxidized. Independent of the pH, in 0.01, 0.1 and 1 M sulfuric acid electrolytes, the onset of gold dissolution occurred at ca.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…31,62,64,66 Merck Suprapur 96% H 2 SO 4 and 70% HClO 4 were diluted using ultrapure water (PureLab Plus system, Elga, 18 M , TOC < 3 p.p.b.) for preparation of 0.1 M acidic electrolytes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently we have shown that coupling of an inductively coupled mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) to a scanning flow cell (SFC) allows us to overcome the sensitivity issues, in particular the difficulty in the time-resolved detection of extremely small amounts of dissolved metals. 62 In a series of research papers we have presented the effect of potential, time, temperature and pH (in acidic range) on the dissolution of gold 13,63,64 and platinum. 31,65,66 In the current work, the investigation of platinum and gold dissolution under acidic conditions is compared to and complemented by dissolution of the metals in alkaline medium.…”

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confidence: 99%

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A Comparative Study on Gold and Platinum Dissolution in Acidic and Alkaline Media

Cherevko

Žeradjanin

Keeley

et al. 2014

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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268

280

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Electrochemical dissolution of gold and platinum in 0.1 M HClO 4 , 0.1 M H 2 SO 4 , and 0.05 M NaOH is investigated. The qualitative picture of both metals' dissolution is pH-independent. Oxidation/reduction of the metal's surface leads to the transient dissolution peaks which we label A 1 and C 1 on the dissolution profiles. Commencement of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) results in the additional dissolution peak A 2 . Quantitatively, there are important differences. The amount of gold transiently dissolved in alkaline medium is more than an order of magnitude higher in comparison to that in acidic medium. Oppositely, steady-state gold dissolution in base in the potential region of OER is hindered. The transient dissolution of platinum is by a factor of two higher in base. It is suggested that variation of the pH does not change the mechanism of the OER on platinum. Consequently, the dissolution rate of platinum is equal in acidic and alkaline electrolytes. As an explanation of the observed difference in gold dissolution, a difference in the thickness of compact oxide formed in acid and base is suggested. Growth of a thicker compact oxide in the alkaline medium explains the increased transient and the decreased steady-state dissolution of gold. Platinum and gold are perhaps the most frequently studied metals in electrochemistry. In particular, they constitute important model systems in the context of fundamental investigations of the mechanism and kinetics of the initial stages of metal oxidation. Surface processes during transition of adsorbed hydroxyl groups to, initially, compact couple of monolayers thickness and, later, relatively thick bulk phase oxides have occupied electrochemists for many decades. In the earliest works, investigations were directed toward the general problem of metal passivity, hotly debated at the beginning of the twentieth century. [1][2][3] In the 1960s and 1970s, the rapid development of fuel cells and application of platinum as a catalyst for the hydrogen oxidation and the oxygen reduction reactions (HOR and ORR) re-stimulated research efforts on noble metal oxidation. As adsorbed intermediates and other oxygenated species present on the catalyst surface were believed to have a poisoning effect on the rate of the ORR, understanding of the oxygen-platinum interaction was of substantial importance. The great progress in the development of electrochemical experimental techniques and surface analytics in these years significantly contributed to new insights of electrocatalysis at the solid-liquid interface. The understanding of noble metal oxidation is, however, not only crucial for these reactions but also the essential step in the comprehension of dissolution. Despite its importance in general and as a basis for the current work, the description of the theories and models for noble metal oxidation over the last century is beyond the scope of the present article. The interested reader is therefore referred to a comprehensive work published by Conway, and references therein. Plat...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…31,62,64,66 Merck Suprapur 96% H 2 SO 4 and 70% HClO 4 were diluted using ultrapure water (PureLab Plus system, Elga, 18 M , TOC < 3 p.p.b.) for preparation of 0.1 M acidic electrolytes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A Comparative Study on Gold and Platinum Dissolution in Acidic and Alkaline Media

Cherevko

Žeradjanin

Keeley

et al. 2014

J. Electrochem. Soc.

Self Cite

268

280

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“…Since gold is not expected to be stable at high oxidative potentials, [40] we did not perform reference measurements with the bare EQCM crystals. Instead, the gold was coated by the catalyst thin film, as described above, and we measured the amount of gold in the electrolyte after OER tests.…”

Section: Electrochemical Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, macroscopic techniques can be applied to determine the corrosion rates; these include the rotating ring disk electrode (RRDE; for example, for monitoring the anodic dissolution of RuO 2 [36,37] ), the quartz crystal microbalance, [38] and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). [39][40][41] Nonetheless, as of yet, no standardized protocols for assessing the stability under OER conditions have emerged.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benchmarking the Stability of Oxygen Evolution Reaction Catalysts: The Importance of Monitoring Mass Losses

et al. 2014

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Because of the rising need for energy storage, potentially facilitated by electrolyzers, improvements to the catalysis of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) become increasingly relevant. Standardized protocols have been developed for determining critical figures of merit, such as the electrochemical surface area, mass activity and specific activity. Even so, when new and more active catalysts are reported, the catalyst stability tends to play a minor role. In this work, we monitor corrosion on RuO2 and MnOx by combining the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP–MS). We show that a meaningful estimation of the stability cannot be achieved based on purely electrochemical tests. On the catalysts tested, the anodic dissolution current was four orders of magnitude lower than the total current. We propose that even if long‐term testing cannot be replaced, a useful evaluation of the stability can be achieved with short‐term tests by using EQCM or ICP–MS.

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A Materials Roadmap to Functional Neural Interface Design

Wellman

Eles

Ludwig

et al. 2017

Adv Funct Materials

309

328

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Advancement in neurotechnologies for electrophysiology, neurochemical sensing, neuromodulation, and optogenetics are revolutionizing scientific understanding of the brain while enabling treatments, cures, and preventative measures for a variety of neurological disorders. The grand challenge in neural interface engineering is to seamlessly integrate the interface between neurobiology and engineered technology, to record from and modulate neurons over chronic timescales. However, the biological inflammatory response to implants, neural degeneration, and long-term material stability diminish the quality of interface overtime. Recent advances in functional materials have been aimed at engineering solutions for chronic neural interfaces. Yet, the development and deployment of neural interfaces designed from novel materials have introduced new challenges that have largely avoided being addressed. Many engineering efforts that solely focus on optimizing individual probe design parameters, such as softness or flexibility, downplay critical multi-dimensional interactions between different physical properties of the device that contribute to overall performance and biocompatibility. Moreover, the use of these new materials present substantial new difficulties that must be addressed before regulatory approval for use in human patients will be achievable. In this review, the interdependence of different electrode components are highlighted to demonstrate the current materials-based challenges facing the field of neural interface engineering.

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Gold dissolution: towards understanding of noble metal corrosion

Cited by 161 publications

References 66 publications

A Comparative Study on Gold and Platinum Dissolution in Acidic and Alkaline Media

A Comparative Study on Gold and Platinum Dissolution in Acidic and Alkaline Media

Benchmarking the Stability of Oxygen Evolution Reaction Catalysts: The Importance of Monitoring Mass Losses

A Materials Roadmap to Functional Neural Interface Design

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