“…Typically, the core of the NP, which must be delivered and released at the target site, consists of its therapeutic agent and framework, which are shielded by cell membranes isolated from source cells (Gao et al, 2016;Zhang et al, 2017;Pitchaimani et al, 2018;Yang et al, 2018;Cao et al, 2020;Gong et al, 2020;Poudel et al, 2020;Wu et al, 2020;Chen et al, 2021a;Li et al, 2021a;Wang et al, 2021a;Zhao et al, 2021a;Wu et al, 2021c;Fan et al, 2021;Shen et al, 2021). Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology frontiersin.org Pitchaimani et al, 2018;Bidkar et al, 2019;Wang et al, 2019;Cao et al, 2020;Poudel et al, 2020;Wu et al, 2020;Wang et al, 2021a;Liu et al, 2021;Ma et al, 2021;Zhang et al, 2021;Cai et al, 2022).…”