Gold mineralization in China: Metallogenic provinces, deposit types and tectonic framework

Deng, Jun; Wang, Qingfei

doi:10.1016/j.gr.2015.10.003

Cited by 485 publications

(125 citation statements)

References 261 publications

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“…The North China Craton (NCC; Figure a,b) is one of the oldest Precambrian nuclei of Asia with rocks as old as 3.8 Ga and preserves the history of major Neoarchean crust building and microcontinent amalgamation prior to its final cratonization during late Palaeoproterozoic (Bai & Huang, ; G. C. Zhao & Zhai, ; Zhai & Santosh, , ; Yang, Santosh, Collins, & Teng, ; Yang & Santosh, ). Subsequently, the NCC remained as a stable platform until Mesozoic when extensive magmatism and lithospheric destruction occurred, associated with major mineralization (Menzies, Fan, & Zhang, ; Santosh, ; Deng & Wang, ; Li & Santosh, , ) These include the Early–Mid Jurassic (200–160 Ma) event and late Cretaceous event (Mao et al, ; Goldfarb & Santosh, ; Groves & Santosh, ).…”

Section: Regional Geologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Ore‐forming physicochemical conditions of tellurium–gold deposits: A case study from the Guilaizhuang deposit, eastern North China

Liu

Santosh

et al. 2018

Geological Journal

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Tellurium–gold deposits differ from normal gold mineralization in their significant content of tellurium‐bearing minerals with a close relation between Au and Te. The Guilaizhuang gold deposit is a major tellurium–gold deposit in the Shandong Province of China, and is located in the eastern margin of the North China Craton. The main sulfide minerals in this deposit are pyrite, As‐bearing pyrite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, chalcocite, and argentite. Tellurides contain native tellurium, altaite, coloradoite, petzite, and calaverite. Here, we investigate the fluid characteristics based on fluid inclusion studies and evaluate the intensive variables through thermodynamic computations to evaluate the ore genesis. We identify four stages for the mineralization: quartz‐pyrite stage, gold‐polymetallic sulfide stage, gold‐telluride stage, and carbonate stage. The gold‐telluride stage represents the main stage of gold precipitation. In gold‐polymetallic sulfide stage, Au formed within pyrite and As‐bearing pyrite in the form of invisible gold, whereas in the gold‐telluride stage, Au occurs as visible gold, such as native gold, electrum, calaverite, and petzite. Our data show that the mineralizing fluids were partly acidic and reduced during the gold‐polymetallic sulfide stage. Gold was transported as AuCl2− and Au(HS)2− complexes which was reduced by Fe2+. Gold might also occur as submicroscopic Au0 inclusions in pyrite and As‐bearing pyrite. The acidic state of the fluids favoured Au leaching from the surrounding rocks. During the gold‐telluride stage, gold might have migrated mostly as Au(HTe)2− and the Te combined at first with Ag to form hessite and subsequently with Au and Ag to form petzite and calaverite. With the decrease in Te content and increase in Au saturation, tellurium and native gold were precipitated. Our study provides insights into the physicochemical conditions of the formation of Te–Au deposits.

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Section: Regional Geologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Ore‐forming physicochemical conditions of tellurium–gold deposits: A case study from the Guilaizhuang deposit, eastern North China

Liu

Santosh

et al. 2018

Geological Journal

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“…In recent years, several medium to large orogenic gold deposits have been discovered in collisional orogenic belt (e.g., Chai, Sun, Xing, Chen, & Han, 2016;Kong et al, 2017), especially in the Tibetan Plateau in China. At least two important Himalayan period orogenic gold deposit belts have been identified, which are the Ailaoshan orogenic gold belt controlled by lateral shear strike-slip (~30 Ma; e.g., Deng & Wang, 2016;Deng, Wang, Li, Li, & Wang, 2014) and the Yarlung Tsangpo orogenic gold belt controlled by forward collision extrusion (~50 Ma; e.g., Hou & Cook, 2009;Jiang, Nie, Hu, Lai, & Liu, 2009;Sun et al, 2015Sun et al, , 2016Zhang et al, 2017). Nowadays, ore deposit scientists in China have devoted themselves to the study of ore-forming dynamics, distribution law, and prospecting marks for the orogenic gold deposits in the collision environment that achieve the remarkable development of gold metallogenesis from the accretionary orogeny to the collision orogeny (e.g., Deng, Wang, Li, & Santosh, 2015;Shi et al, 2010;Yuan et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The structural deformation characteristics and the control of gold mineralization of the upper Triassic flysch (Langjiexue Group) in Tibetan Plateau

et al. 2018

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Located in the eastern section of the Indus‐Yarlung Tsangbo Suture Zone, the Triassic Langjiexue Group is also very important for the distribution of the orogenic gold deposits, such as Bangbu and Zhemulang. Two regional profiles (Jiacha profile and Lang County profile) in the Langjiexue Group have been chosen for systematic mapping. Combing with the method of Ar–Ar dating for mica, this paper provides a detailed analysis of the structural movements and stress periods of the Langjiexue Group, and the relationship between them with the orogenic gold deposits distributed within it, and finally, establish the structural control model for orogenic gold deposits in the Langjiexue Group. The structural deformation of the Langjiexue Group can be divided into 4 stages. In the D1 stage, shallow ductile shear played a dominant role with the principal stress of the reaction in a nearly E–W direction. The main stress of D2 stage was in an obviously S–N direction whose foliation of the axial surface was a ubiquitous phyllitic foliation and foliation. The structures of the D3 stage were superimposed on those of the D2 stage with the main stress of S–N direction. In the D4 stage, the principal stress of the structural movements was in a nearly E–W direction. According to the morphology and spatial positions of the profile folds, the main body of the Songre Formation in the southern parts of the tectonic profiles can be restored into a large reverse antiform, whereas the main body of the Tectonic mélange zone in the northern parts can be restored into a continuous large antiform and synform. Judging by the Ar–Ar plateau ages (56.04 ± 0.72 Ma, 47.98 ± 0.46 Ma) of the sericite in the two quartz veins that were arranged along the axial plane cleavage of the folders in D3 stage, the widely distributed quartz veins in the Langjiexue Group were mainly the outcome of fluid action accompanied by the structural deformation that occurred in the main Indo‐Asian collision orogenesis period, which were in consistent with the mineralogenetic epoch of the orogenic gold deposits in this region.

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“…The Mesozoic to Cenozoic Lanping Basin is in the northern part of the Simao Terrane, and its stratigraphic units are listed in Table . The basin separates the “Northern Qiangtang Terrane” to the north and the Indochina Terrane to the south and is regarded as an important part of the Tethys Orogen (Figure a; Deng & Wang, ; Wang, Deng, Carranza, & Santosh, ; Wu, Boulter, Ke, Stow, & Wang, ). The limits of the basin are the Changning–Menglian suture to the west, Jinshajiang suture to the east, and Ailaoshan suture to the south (Figure a).…”

Section: Regional Geological Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mineralization processes at the giant Jinding Zn–Pb deposit, Lanping Basin, Sanjiang Tethys Orogen: Evidence from in situ trace element analysis of pyrite and marcasite

et al. 2017

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The giant Jinding Zn–Pb deposit is in the Mesozoic–Cenozoic Lanping Basin of southern China and hosted by sandstone in the Early Cretaceous Jingxing Formation and limestone breccia and sandstone and gypsum in the Palaeocene Yunlong Formation. Mineral associations at the deposit are early (Stage 1) marcasite–sphalerite(–pyrite) and galena–quartz; through (Stage 2) pyrite–sphalerite–galena(–arsenopyrite) and marcasite–celestite–carbonate–gypsum; and the late (Stage 3) galena–sphalerite–pyrite–sulfate–carbonate(–celestite), gypsum, and barite. Pyrite and marcasite have higher Pb, Zn, Ag, Bi, As, Se, and Tl and lower V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, and Sn assays in orebodies hosted by sandstone and brecciated limestone. The concentration of these elements progresses from the early to late stages with increasing Cu, Zn, Ag, Bi, V, Cr, Co, Ni, and Se; decreasing Tl and As; and constant Pb, Sn, and Sb. This chemical characteristic of the pyrite and marcasite indicates that their source is basinal brine with minor contribution from the host rocks. During the early and middle stages, pyrite and marcasite contain higher concentration of Pb, Tl, and As, which is related to mineralized basinal brine and H2S‐rich fluids at a low pH during relatively higher temperature conditions. During the late stage mineralization, pyrite and marcasite contain the highest concentrations of Cu, Zn, Ag, Sb, Pb, Bi, and Se, which is associated with metal‐rich basinal brine and meteoric water at a near‐neutral pH and lower temperature conditions.

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Gold mineralization in China: Metallogenic provinces, deposit types and tectonic framework

Cited by 485 publications

References 261 publications

Ore‐forming physicochemical conditions of tellurium–gold deposits: A case study from the Guilaizhuang deposit, eastern North China

Ore‐forming physicochemical conditions of tellurium–gold deposits: A case study from the Guilaizhuang deposit, eastern North China

The structural deformation characteristics and the control of gold mineralization of the upper Triassic flysch (Langjiexue Group) in Tibetan Plateau

Mineralization processes at the giant Jinding Zn–Pb deposit, Lanping Basin, Sanjiang Tethys Orogen: Evidence from in situ trace element analysis of pyrite and marcasite

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