Gold Nanoparticles Green-Synthesized by the Suaeda japonica Leaf Extract and Screening of Anti-Inflammatory Activities on RAW 267.4 Macrophages

Abstract

Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles from medicinal plants has become a modern strategy in biomedical research based on their exclusive properties, including specific targeting, lower toxicity, and biocompatibility. In this study, gold nanoparticles, reduced by the Suaeda japonica leaf extract, were promptly validated by UV–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy at 548 nm. No additional reducing agents were needed in this kind of a reduction reaction, which provided evidence of green synthesis. Dynamic light scattering (DLS), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), field-emission transmission electron microscopy (FE-TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were used to illustrate the nanoscale characterization of S. japonica gold nanoparticles (Sj-AuNps). Furthermore, the cytotoxicity effect of Sj-AuNps against the RAW 264.7 cell line was determined by performing an MTT assay. We also investigated Sj-AuNps’ anti-inflammatory properties in LPS-induced murine macrophages. These nanoparticles reduced the generation of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and repressed the expression of the LPS-stimulated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) genes. This study presents a significant biomedical application of S. japonica AuNps. The anti-inflammatory capabilities of Sj-AuNps underline their potential as possible options for suppressing inflammation-mediated diseases.

Study on Synergistic Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Typical Functional Components of Extracts of Ginkgo Biloba Leaves

“…It is induced only when these cells are stimulated by substances such as LPS and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, TNF, etc.) [ 32 , 33 ]. After iNOS is induced, its activity does not depend on calcium ion (Ca 2+ ) and calmodulin (CAM) and can last from hours to days, working to catalyze the synthesis of a large amount of NO and finally mediate the occurrence and development of diseases such as inflammation.…”

Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Liquiritin and Other Phenolics from Glycyrrhiza glabra and Their Anti-Inflammatory Activity

“…This can be inferred through other limited studies monitoring the anti-inflammatory activity on RAW cells exposed to other green synthesized AuNPs. These studies noted that Euphrasia officinalis, Suaeda japonica and chitosan-ginsenoside compound K (CK) AuNPs reduced inflammatory activity by the following mechanisms: inhibiting the iNOS and COX-2 mRNA levels; decreasing the phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitor kappa beta; decreasing the nuclear translocation of NF-κβ 65 and p50, and inhibiting the JAK/STAT pathway [88,89]. In certain cases, the NPs reduced inflammation at lower concentrations, as in the case of 2@AuNPs.…”

Medicinal Plant Enriched Metal Nanoparticles and Nanoemulsion for Inflammation Treatment: A Narrative Review on Current Status and Future Perspective

“…Another medicinal plant named Suaeda japonica is a halophytic herb originating from Korea and Japan, and has been used to synthesize gold nanoparticles which are 20-30 nm and spherical. S. japonica successfully revealed its anti-inflammatory potential by reducing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and suppressing the expression of the genes iNOS, COX-2, and TNF-a [34,35].…”